Thermoforming Characteristics of PLA/TPU Multi-Material Specimens Fabricated with Fused Deposition Modelling under Different Temperatures

Sorimpuk, N P; Choong, Wai Heng; Chua, Bih Lii

doi:10.3390/polym14204304

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…When reheated, the PLA/TPU specimens that were thermoformed at temperatures ranging from 60 to 90°C had a respectable shape memory of around 60% recovery. Last but not least, appropriate thermoforming temperatures for thermoforming PLA/TPU specimens were recommended depending on design requirements 154 . In this work, innovative 3D printed TPU blends with thermal energy storage capabilities were created.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review

Desai

Sonawane

2023

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology with the advantage of less wastage, fast prototyping with customized designing suitable for a wide range of applications. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is one of the types of additive manufacturing and various polymers are explored for 3D printing applications. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a versatile material that has gained increasing attention in 3D printing applications due to its unique combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. This review paper provides an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art in TPU‐based 3D printing, including its characteristics, processing techniques, and mainly its applications. Extensive studies are done in TPU with fused deposition modeling (FDM), multi‐jet fusion (MJF), and selective laser sintering (SLS). The elasticity and flexibility, layer adhesion, tensile strength, and support structure are the parameters that decide the suitability of FDM, SLS, and MJF for TPU 3D printing. The infill density, modification of processing parameters, use of sacrificial materials, addition of perforations or channels, varying the particle size, using a mixture of powders, and so forth. leads to develop the porous structure in the final product. In addition, we have studied blends of TPU with other polymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), as well as fiber‐reinforced TPU composites for 3D printing applications.

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Last but not least, appropriate thermoforming temperatures for thermoforming PLA/TPU specimens were recommended depending on design requirements. 154 In this work, innovative 3D printed TPU blends with thermal energy storage capabilities were created. Potential uses for winter sport equipment are the focus.…”

Section: Hernia Repairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review

Desai

Sonawane

2023

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…The process of forming applied directly to 3D-printed components has not been extensively explored, with only a handful of recent studies having been conducted (Mustakangas et al, 2019;Hong et al, 2022;Eksi et al, 2020;Sorimpuk et al, 2022a). Nonetheless, this hybrid manufacturing approach paves the way for a variety of interesting and useful applications (Mäntyjärvi et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2023) that deserve further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical investigations on the thermoforming of 3D-printed polylactic acid parts

Alexandru,

Popescu,

Constantin

et al. 2024

RPJ

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermoforming process of 3D-printed parts made from polylactic acid (PLA) and explore its application in producing wrist-hand orthoses. These orthoses were 3D printed flat, heated and molded to fit the patient’s hand. The advantages of such an approach include reduced production time and cost. Design/methodology/approach The study used both experimental and numerical methods to analyze the thermoforming process of PLA parts. Thermal and mechanical characteristics were determined at different temperatures and infill densities. An equivalent material model that considers infill within a print is proposed. Its practical use was proven using a coupled finite-element analysis model. The simulation strategy enabled a comparative analysis of the thermoforming behavior of orthoses with two designs by considering the combined impact of natural convection cooling and imposed structural loads. Findings The experimental results indicated that at 27°C and 35°C, the tensile specimens exhibited brittle failure irrespective of the infill density, whereas ductile behavior was observed at 45°C, 50°C and 55°C. The thermal conductivity of the material was found to be linearly related to the temperature of the specimen. Orthoses with circular open pockets required more time to complete the thermoforming process than those with hexagonal pockets. Hexagonal cutouts have a lower peak stress owing to the reduced reaction forces, resulting in a smoother thermoforming process. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing literature by specifically focusing on the thermoforming process of 3D-printed parts made from PLA. Experimental tests were conducted to gather thermal and mechanical data on specimens with two infill densities, and a finite-element model was developed to address the thermoforming process. These findings were applied to a comparative analysis of 3D-printed thermoformed wrist-hand orthoses that included open pockets with different designs, demonstrating the practical implications of this study’s outcomes.

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“…Because of its advantages of simple operation, fast forming speed, high precision, complex forming geometry, high e ciency and exible design, it has gradually become a new manufacturing technology [20][21][22]. At present, the 3D printing technology of exible ceramic materials mainly includes FDM [23,24], direct ink writing (DIW) [25,26], stereophotography (SLA) [27], selective laser sintering (SLS) and so on [28,29]. Among these additive manufacturing technologies, DIW 3D printing technology has the advantages of low cost, high precision, short cycle, and good surface forming quality [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the control of mechanical and electrical properties of 3D printed BTO/PDMS flexible porous composites

Hao,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Flexible piezoelectric functional composite materials have the advantages of strong plasticity and good surface adhesion, and show great potential in smart wearable devices, electronic skin and other applications. However, due to the complexity of traditional preparation process, high molding cost and poor air permeability, its further development is limited. Direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing technology is a rapid prototyping technology, with higher flexibility, faster manufacturing speed and lower manufacturing costs, is widely used in metal, ceramic and composite material molding. In this work, a slurry system with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as binder and Barium titanate (BTO) ceramic powder as piezoelectric filler was developed, the printing work of flexible porous BTO/PDMS composite material was completed, and DIW dual-nozzle printing technology was developed. The integrated flexible porous electrode - piezoelectric - electrode functional gradient structure composite was realized. The results show that the BTO/PDMS ink has the characteristics of shear thinning. When the nozzle diameter is 0.5 mm, the printing speed is 650 mm/min, and the BTO mass fraction is 80%, the flexible porous piezoelectric composite with high precision and complex structure is printed. By phase analysis of BTO/PDMS, it is found that the sample has the characteristic peak of BTO. The microstructure analysis shows that the surface of the sample has good structural fidelity and there are a few island-like pores in the interior. The mechanical test shows that the maximum tensile strength of the sample is 1.33 MPa, the elastic modulus is 1.72 MPa, the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d33 is 4.37 Pc/N, and the open circuit voltage VOC is 3.17 V. This work demonstrates a highly attractive method for forming flexible piezoelectric materials with “electrode-piezoelectric-electrode” structures, which, due to its simple operation, time and manufacturing cost savings, proposes solutions to key problems in current 3D ceramic manufacturing technologies.

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Thermoforming Characteristics of PLA/TPU Multi-Material Specimens Fabricated with Fused Deposition Modelling under Different Temperatures

Cited by 10 publications

References 37 publications

Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review

Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review

Experimental and numerical investigations on the thermoforming of 3D-printed polylactic acid parts

Study on the control of mechanical and electrical properties of 3D printed BTO/PDMS flexible porous composites

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