“…Finite time thermodynamics (FTT) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] has developed and emerged since the mid-1970s. With the continuous development and improvement of the theory, its research objects have expanded from Carnot heat engine to almost all engineering thermal devices and systems, which include the Stirling heat engine (SHE).…”