Thermodynamics of the complex formation of copper(II) with L-phenylalanine in aqueous ethanol solutions

Electrodeposition of Al-W Alloys in the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride−1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid

“…[17][18][19][20][21] In fact, if the W content is greater than about 10 percent atomic fraction (a/o), the passive region of these alloys extends to more than +2.60 V against unalloyed Al. 17 The maximum solubility of W in face-centered cubic (fcc) Al is 0.022% atomic fraction at 913 K. 22,23 At room temperature, W has negligible solubility, but extended solid solutions and metallic glasses have been obtained by non-equilibrium processing methods such as rapid solidification, [24][25][26][27] sputter deposition, [17][18][19][20][21]28,29 and ion implantation. 30 Based on lattice parameter measurements, Burov and Yakunin 25 and Tonejc and Bonefacic 26 have reported super-saturated solutions containing 0.95 a/o and 1.87 a/o W, respectively, in rapidly solidified Al-W alloys.…”

“…17 The maximum solubility of W in face-centered cubic (fcc) Al is 0.022% atomic fraction at 913 K. 22,23 At room temperature, W has negligible solubility, but extended solid solutions and metallic glasses have been obtained by non-equilibrium processing methods such as rapid solidification, [24][25][26][27] sputter deposition, [17][18][19][20][21]28,29 and ion implantation. 30 Based on lattice parameter measurements, Burov and Yakunin 25 and Tonejc and Bonefacic 26 have reported super-saturated solutions containing 0.95 a/o and 1.87 a/o W, respectively, in rapidly solidified Al-W alloys. In this composition range, they report a decrease in the aluminum lattice parameter of 0.12% 25,27 to 0.3% 24,26 per 1 a/o W. A shrinking aluminum lattice is to be expected as the smaller W atoms substitute for Al; however, the levels reported are significantly larger than the 0.042% decrease predicted by Vegard's Law; i.e., the lattice volume of the solid solution is simply a linear combination of the constituent lattice volumes.…”

“…30 Based on lattice parameter measurements, Burov and Yakunin 25 and Tonejc and Bonefacic 26 have reported super-saturated solutions containing 0.95 a/o and 1.87 a/o W, respectively, in rapidly solidified Al-W alloys. In this composition range, they report a decrease in the aluminum lattice parameter of 0.12% 25,27 to 0.3% 24,26 per 1 a/o W. A shrinking aluminum lattice is to be expected as the smaller W atoms substitute for Al; however, the levels reported are significantly larger than the 0.042% decrease predicted by Vegard's Law; i.e., the lattice volume of the solid solution is simply a linear combination of the constituent lattice volumes. Further increase in the W content results in a two-phase fcc-amorphous deposit, 30,31 whereas alloys containing more than 9 a/o W are reported to be completely amorphous.…”

Electrodeposition of Al-W-Mn Ternary Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride−1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Ionic Liquid

“…The overpotential deposition results in stable non-equilibrium alloy phase with uniform composition and structure. Furthermore, the non-equilibrium alloys exhibit similar chloride-induced pitting potentials as those prepared by physical non-equilibrium alloying methods such as rapid solidification, [16][17][18][19] sputter deposition, [20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and ion implantation. 27 Therefore, the electroplating of aluminum alloys from the Lewis acidic chloroaluminate IL is a possible low-cost alternative to conventional non-equilibrium methods for producing thin films of aluminum alloys.…”