Thermodynamics of non-topological solitons

Abstract

In theories with low energy supersymmetry breaking, the effective potential for squarks and sleptons has generically nearly flat directions, V (φ) ∼ M 4 (log(φ/M)) n . This guarantees the existence of stable non-topological solitons, Q-balls, that carry large baryon number, B ≫ (M/m p ) 4 , where m p is the proton mass. We study the behaviour of these objects in a high temperature plasma. We show that in an infinitely extended system with a finite density of the baryon charge, the equilibrium state is not homogeneous and contains Q-balls at any temperature. In a system with a finite volume, Q-balls evaporate at a volume dependent temperature. In the cosmological context, we formulate the conditions under which Q-balls, produced in the Early Universe, survive till the present time. Finally, we estimate the baryon to cold dark matter ratio in a cosmological scenario in which Q-balls are responsible for both the net baryon number of the Universe and its dark matter. We find out naturally the correct orders of magnitude for M ∼ 1 . . . 10 TeV: η ∼ 10 −10 (M/TeV) −2 (B/10 26 ) −1/2 .

The soft supersymmetry-breaking Lagrangian: theory and applications

“…Meanwhile, some of the baryon number can evaporate to contribute to the baryon asymmetry. This possible connection between the dark matter abundance and the baryonic abundance has intrigued many researchers [670,669,671,672]. As the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis scenario depends in a crucial way on the introduction of the inflaton and its consequent inflationary and reheating history, it does not by itself provide direct constraints on L sof t .…”

Solitosynthesis ofQ-balls

“…At finite temperature the freqency ω of the Q-ball can be identified with the chemical potential µ [21]. The charge density can be solved from…”

Supersymmetric dark-matter Q-balls and their interactions in matter

“…Since both atomic matter and dark matter arise from the same process, it may be possible to relate their amounts in the universe [9,10,11,12,13]. In theories with gravity mediated SUSY breaking, all Q-balls are short-lived, but their production can change the standard way of computing neutralino abundances [10,11,12,14].…”