Thermodynamics of formation and evaporation of lead-tin alloys

Abstract

Only a few works have been devoted to thermodynamic studies of the lead-tin system by methods including the volatile components evaporation process. When the binary system is separated into metals by distillation, the volatile component is removed from the alloy and the low-volatile component accumulates in the bottom products, that is, there are alloy composition changes over the entire concentration range. It is necessary to know the boundaries position of the melt and vapor coexistence fields on the state diagram, especially for solutions beneficiated with non-volatile metal to assess the quality of the vapor phase by the content of the low-volatile component. In this regard, the study has been completed with the purpose to clarify the values of the thermodynamic functions of the formation and evaporation of lead-tin melts required to calculate the boundaries of the liquid and vapor coexistence fields on the state diagram that enables us to judge the amount of a low-volatile component in the vapor phase under equilibrium conditions. The thermodynamic activity of lead was calculated, as well as the numerical integration of the Gibbs-Duhem equation using the substitution proposed by Darken is the thermodynamic activity and pressure of saturated tin vapor Based on the values of the saturated lead vapor pressure, determined by the boiling point method (isothermal version) for alloys predominantly of the lead edge of the phase diagram. The thermodynamic constants thus obtained will add to the base of physicochemical data and will be used to calculate the boundaries of the vapor-liquid equilibrium fields on the phase diagram, allowing to determine the possibility and completeness of the distillation separation of metals.

Recovery of Zinc from the Concentrate of Domestic Waste Processing by Vacuum Distillation

“…The saturated vapour pressure of elemental copper was taken from [13], zinc in the copper-zinc system from [14] and lead in the copper-lead system from [15], when phase transitions are constructed. Thermodynamics of the tin-zinc [16] and tin-lead systems were studied by us [17]. The field boundaries (L + V) are marked on the state diagrams from the reference book [18][19][20].…”

Theoretical Analysis of the Thermodynamic, Structural, Surface and Transport Properties of PbSn Liquid Alloys at 1050 K

“…lead free solders) have been usually analyzed in terms of the properties of PbSn system. Hence for many decades the thermo-physical properties like the density, surface tension, viscosity, phase-diagram, enthalpy, entropy, thermodynamic activity of the components etc of PbSn liquid alloys have been investigated experimentally and theoretically [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Ngai et al [5] have analyzed the thermodynamic data of partial free energy of pure Pb and Sn to explain the phase diagram of PbSn liquid alloys.…”

“…Assael et al [10] have critically analyzed the experimental data of density and viscosity and then correlate the density and viscosity of eutectic alloys like AlSi, PbSi and PbSn at different temperatures in which PbSn liquid alloys have been studied for the temperature range 450 -975 K. The Molecular Dynamic Simulation has been used [11] to explain the phase diagram, structure factor etc of PbSn liquid alloys. Recently, Trebukhov et al [12] have investigated the thermodynamic activities of Pb and Sn, partial and integral entropies and enthalpies of the formation and evaporation of PbSn liquid alloys in the entire range of concentration i.e. 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0.1 to 0.9.…”

Environmentally Friendly Pyrometallurgical Scheme for Vacuum Separation of Non-Ferrous Metals from Waste Products in Incineration Plants

“…Previously, similar studies were performed at the Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Bene ciation to obtain high-purity selenium from copper-smelting waste [28,29]. The authors studied various two-component systems, including the thermodynamics of formation and evaporation of lead-tin alloys to determine the optimum conditions for vacuumthermal zinc extraction [30].…”