Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems

Abstract

A discussion of the fundamentals of thermodynamic theory describing electrochemical systems is presented. The basic relationships are deduced as properties of the electrochemical potential. The theory introduces an observable electric potential that is defined at every position within the electrochemical system as the potential of a reversible electrode placed there. To provide a good test of the formalism, five systems have been studied including equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The formalism emphasizes the advantages of the electric current density in order to characterize one of the degrees of irreversibility and the electrical equilibrium. Finally, the electrostatic potential is discussed within the framework of this theory.

On the different formalisms for the transport equations of thermoelectricity: A review

“…Recently, a new formulation of the thermoelectricity transport equations based on experimentally observable quantities has been proposed [36][37][38][39][40]. The observable electric potential when the potential di erence in (18) is measured with probes of material R is de ned as [36][37][38] …”

“…The observable electric potential when the potential di erence in (18) is measured with probes of material R is de ned as [36][37][38] …”

“…Novel recent approaches to the subject [36][37][38][39][40] are also discussed. The prevalence of the electrochemical formalism is explained.…”

Gold(I)-catalyzed sequential cycloisomerization/bis-addition of o-ethynylanilines: an efficient access to bis(indolyl)methanes and di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones

“…13 On the otherhand 3,3-diaryloxindoles, a basic framework widely found in clinical drugs and biologically active substances have been shown to possess antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiprotozoal and antiinflammatory activities. 14 These compounds have also been used as laxatives 15 and lead molecules for Ca 2+ depletion mediated inhibition of translation initiation. 16 The 3,indolin-2-ones can be formed by the reaction of isatin and indoles under acidic conditions for long reaction times or catalyzed by KAl (SO 4 ) 2 under microwave conditions.…”

“…17 Only a few methodologies has been accommodated for the synthesis of di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones. 15,18 As a result of the increased interest, new efficient methods are needed to synthesise these compounds and generate structurally diverse bis(indolyl)methanes and di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones with a variety of substituents. In recent years, intramolecular cyclization of o-ethynylanilines followed by C3 functionalization leading to 3-substituted indoles have been developed with remarkable improvements in terms of efficiency and scope of application.…”