Thermodynamics for clay minerals: Calculation tools and application to the case of illite/smectite interstratified minerals

Blanc, Philippe; Gherardi, Fabrizio; Vieillard, Philippe; Marty, Nicolas; Gailhanou, Hélène; Gaboreau, Stéphane; Letat, B.; Geloni, Claudio; Gaucher, Éric C.; Madé, Benoı̂t

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.104986

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…McIntosh et al [8] investigate clay samples/fraction with one sensor using X-ray diffraction. A new thermodynamic calculation presented by Blanc et al [9] on a natural illite/smectite series from a geothermal field in Shinzan, Japan, indicates an overall agreement with the previous mineralogical calculation. The application of enhanced reactive transport modelling enriches the available database, as in [9] and references therein.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…A new thermodynamic calculation presented by Blanc et al [9] on a natural illite/smectite series from a geothermal field in Shinzan, Japan, indicates an overall agreement with the previous mineralogical calculation. The application of enhanced reactive transport modelling enriches the available database, as in [9] and references therein. This enables the realistic forecast of the illitization processes via the formation of I/S with true reaction time in agreement with available mineralogical data.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

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Detection of Interlayered Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals with XRD, SEM Analyses and Reflectance Spectroscopy

Ruitenbeek

Werff

Meijde

2022

Sensors

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Accurate determination of clay minerals can be challenging due to the natural occurrence of interlayered phases, i.e., layers of different clay species such as illite and smectite. The overlap of peaks of the constituent minerals (e.g., illite and smectite), and the similarity of diffraction patterns when not treated with ethylene glycol, hampers identification, especially when the clay content is low. We investigated the occurrence of interlayered illite/smectite in a rock sample from Rodalquilar, Spain, using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy in the short-wave infrared wavelength range. For the first time, a precise determination of interlayered I/S conducted on the extracted clay fraction treated with ethylene glycol using such different approaches was provided. X-ray diffraction results demonstrated the presence of an I/S peak at around 8.4° in the untreated fraction coupled with a peak splitting at 6.7° and 9.4° 2θ when solvated with ethylene glycol. While spectroscopy indicated the occurrence of interlayered structures as a mixture of the two constituent minerals, the results of X-ray analysis showed that the interlayered clay consisted of two discrete phases (illite and smectite). The two discrete phases were observed in both the whole rock analysis and in the extracted clay fraction. This study shows that X-ray diffraction and validation with a scanning electron microscope is a mandatory, integrating tool for detecting interlayered phases since reflectance spectroscopy alone cannot be used to differentiate between interlayered clay minerals and non-interlayered mixtures. This work highlights the limits and advantages of three sensors (X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and reflectance spectroscopy) to investigate clay mixtures and interlayering, representing a significant contribution to confidence in the interpretation of interlayered clays, this being essential in mineral exploration and prospecting.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Detection of Interlayered Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals with XRD, SEM Analyses and Reflectance Spectroscopy

Ruitenbeek

Werff

Meijde

2022

Sensors

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“…Smectite initially contains more than four layers of water molecules. At this stage, except for structural water, the rest is discharged, and the structure and physical properties of shale changed due to the accompanying compaction and cementation. − The contact between particles changes from linear contact to concave-convex contact. , With diagenetic evolution and chemical compaction, mixed I/S content gradually decreases and Illite content increases, and the orientation of clay minerals further improves. − The transformation of clay minerals also leads to the change of adsorption capacity. Circular and slit micropores with large specific surface area are developed in smectite, resulting in the largest CH 4 adsorption capacity in all clay minerals.…”

Section: Diagenetic Evolution and Its Influence On Clay Adsorption Ca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Effect of Diagenetic Evolution of Shale Reservoir on the Pore Structure and Adsorption Capacity of Clay Minerals

et al. 2022

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This Review summarizes the diagenetic evolution of clay mineral structure and pores in shale gas reservoirs. In the early diagenetic stage and in period A of the middle diagenetic stage, the intergranular and intragranular pores of clay minerals were altered by mechanical and chemical compaction, and V L (Langmuir volume) shows a positive linear correlation with clay content. In period B of the middle diagenetic stage and late diagenetic stage, intergranular pores almost disappeared, clay adsorption capacity significantly decreased, and there was a lack of apparent correlation between V L and clay content. Experimental and molecular simulations of clay adsorption capacity in shale are limited due to several drawbacks. (i) Shale samples in different diagenetic stages were characterized by strong heterogeneity, which affected the reliability of the evolution results of clay adsorption capacity. (ii) The method of selecting clay-rich shale samples, extracting clay minerals from shale, or applying pure clay minerals ignored the difference of diagenetic background, the damage of pores and structure of clay minerals, or the support of brittle minerals to shale pore system. (iii) Molecular simulation mostly employed a simplified plate model or single clay mineral model, which oversimplified the structure and diversity of clay minerals in real shale gas reservoirs. Therefore, innovative experimental simulations on the effect of diagenetic evolution on pore structure and adsorption capacity of clay minerals are necessary, which need to comprehensively weigh the combined effect of time and space on the reservoir diagenetic evolution. Besides, the visualization of shale structure, adsorption process, and CH 4 adsorption behavior of the shale constituents may help our understanding. Furthermore, a more accurate model of the molecular structure of clay minerals is indispensable, especially the dynamic evolution model with different water contents.

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“…In recent years, microbial-enhanced oil recovery, which employs microorganisms to facilitate and increase oil production from the reservoirs, has become a popular tertiary production technology. Previous studies mainly focus on the influence of microbial metabolic activities on the wettability of rock surfaces and the physicochemical properties of crude oil [16,17]. There are limited reports on the interactions between microorganisms and clay minerals in low-permeability reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clay mineral transformation is one of the most important diagenetic processes in the oil reservoir, which has long been considered to only happen at high temperatures (300~350 • C) and high pressure (100 MPa), with a long reaction time (4~5 months). Nevertheless, it has been reported that microorganisms could interact with clay minerals and impact the clay minerals' physicochemical properties, such as layer charge, dilatancy, and specific surface area [17]. For instance, Kim et al found that the dissimilatory Fe(III) reducing microorganisms (FeRM) could induce the conversion of smectite to a less swellable mineral, smectite [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling the Hydro-Swelling of Smectite Clay Minerals by Fe(III) Reducing Bacteria for Enhanced Oil Recovery from Low-Permeability Reservoirs

Cui

Wang

et al. 2022

Energies

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The hydro-swelling of smectite clay minerals in low-permeability reservoirs further decreases the reservoir permeability and results in low oil recovery. Currently, the traditional chemical anti-swelling agents are widely used, but most of them are only effective in the short term and are not environmentally friendly. Here, we report the use of Fe(III) reducing microorganisms (FeRM) as a novel green anti-swelling agent to enhance oil recovery from low-permeability reservoirs. The results showed that FeRM (Proteus hauserifective) inhibited/reduced the hydro-swelling of smectite clay minerals through a three-step biochemical mineralization reaction process. The structural Fe(III) reduction in minerals by FeRM can be an important driving force for illitization. The maximum inhibition efficiency (36.6%) and shrinkage efficiency (69.3%) were achieved at 35 °C and 0.1 Mpa. Furthermore, core displacement tests showed that FeRM reduced the waterflooding injection pressure by 61.1%, increased the core permeability by 49.6%, and increased the oil recovery by 8.1%. Finally, the mechanism of FeRM-enhanced oil recovery was revealed. This study demonstrates that using FeRM to inhibit/reduce the hydro-swelling of clay minerals holds great potential to enhance the oil recovery from low-permeability reservoirs.

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Thermodynamics for clay minerals: Calculation tools and application to the case of illite/smectite interstratified minerals

Cited by 16 publications

References 57 publications

Detection of Interlayered Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals with XRD, SEM Analyses and Reflectance Spectroscopy

Detection of Interlayered Illite/Smectite Clay Minerals with XRD, SEM Analyses and Reflectance Spectroscopy

Review of the Effect of Diagenetic Evolution of Shale Reservoir on the Pore Structure and Adsorption Capacity of Clay Minerals

Controlling the Hydro-Swelling of Smectite Clay Minerals by Fe(III) Reducing Bacteria for Enhanced Oil Recovery from Low-Permeability Reservoirs

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