Thermodynamic temperature determinations of Co–C, Pd–C, Pt–C and Ru–C eutectic fixed-point cells

Anhalt, K.; Hartmann, Jürgen; Lowe, D.; Machin, G; Sadli, M.; Yamada, Yoshiro

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/43/2/s16

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The temperature obtained, (1737.5 ± 0.6) • C was evidently affected by the furnace nonuniformity. Subsequent measurements performed with this cell during a comparison at PTB in a better thermal environment (Nagano/Chino-type furnace of improved temperature uniformity) resulted in higher temperatures (and was measured in terms of thermodynamic temperature) [12]. The temperature obtained was (1738.51 ± 0.3) • C.…”

Section: Pt-c Cell Construction Characterization and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Experience of Construction and Study of Pt–C Eutectic in VNIIM and Cooperation with LNE-INM

et al. 2008

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A new high-temperature furnace was developed in VNIIM and manufactured by the Omsk plant "Etalon." This furnace is intended for the realization of various fixed points of pure metals and high-temperature metal-carbon eutectics up to a temperature of 3000 • C. The construction of the furnace allows measurements to be carried out either with or without the protective window, in a protective atmosphere of argon. The furnace will be described in this article. Cooperation with LNE-INM was initiated with the aim of sharing experience in metal-carbon eutectic cell construction and comparing two Pt-C cells (one cell was made by each partner) as a means of comparing scale realizations around 1740 • C. The filling technique used in each laboratory will be described. The average melting temperature of the VNIIM Pt-C eutectic cell, characterized and studied at VNIIM, was 1738.4 • C with a standard uncertainty of about 0.13 K. The repeatability of the melting temperature with various measurements was estimated to be within the limits of (0.02-0.2) K. The cell supplied by LNE-INM is the one that was constructed and studied in the framework of the HIMERT European project and described elsewhere. The difference in the melting temperatures of the fixed points (VNIIM-LNE-INM) is about 0.4 K with a standard uncertainty not exceeding 0.18 K. The cells constructed and characterized by each partner were exchanged and measured by the other partner. The results of the study of the melting and freezing of the Pt-C cells carried out by VNIIM and LNE-INM will be presented. The reasons for the difference in the melting temperatures of the two 123 48 Int J Thermophys (2009) 30:47-58 cells are analyzed, and the steps preceding the comparison of the scale realizations of the two laboratories are presented.

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Section: Pt-c Cell Construction Characterization and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Experience of Construction and Study of Pt–C Eutectic in VNIIM and Cooperation with LNE-INM

et al. 2008

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“…These filter radiometers were characterized with respect to spectral irradiance responsivity traceable to the cryogenic radiometer RTCR of PTB [11]. The details of the filter radiometers and their setup principle are available in [5,12]. The 476-nm filter radiometer and the 3-mm precision aperture were handcarried to NMIJ, where an optical stage was constructed to facilitate the alignment of furnace, furnace aperture, and filter radiometer.…”

Section: Filter Radiometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large- and Small-Aperture Fixed-Point Cells of Cu, Pt–C, and Re–C

et al. 2008

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Extending the application of metal (carbide)-carbon eutectic fixed-point cells to radiometry, e.g., for measurements in irradiance mode, requires fixed-point cells with large apertures. In order to make large-aperture cells more readily usable in furnace systems with smaller furnace tubes commonly used for small-aperture fixed-point cells, a novel cell design was developed. For each of Cu, Pt-C, and Re-C fixed points, two types of fixed-point cells were manufactured, the small-and largeaperture cell. For Pt-C and Re-C, the large-aperture cells were filled with a hypereutectic metal-carbon mixture; for the small cells, a hypo-eutectic mixture was used for filling. For each material, the small and large cells were compared with respect to radiometric differences. Whereas plateau shape and melting temperature are in good agreement for the small-and large-aperture Cu cells, a larger difference was observed between small-and large-aperture cells of Pt-C and Re-C, respectively. The origin of these observations, attributed to the temperature distribution inside the furnace, ingot contamination during manufacture, and non-uniform ingot formation for the larger cells, is discussed. The comparison of measurements by a radiation thermometer and filter radiometer of the Re-C and Pt-C large-aperture cells showed large differences that could be explained only by a strong radiance distribution across the cavity bottom. Further investigations are envisaged to clarify the cause.123 970 Int J Thermophys (2008) 29:969-983

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“…Three years later, in 1999, Yamada et al published the first results of melt and freeze of metal-carbon eutectic points [2]. Since then, many NMIs have initiated cooperative projects and comparisons to characterise these points in order to reach a consensus on the transition temperatures and implementation procedures [3,4]. Some metal-carbon eutectic points (such as Co-C, Pd-C, Pt-C and Re-C) are reaching such a level of confidence and are proving to be sufficiently reproducible, through comparisons and long-term studies [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development and characterisation of high temperature fixed points at NMISA

Nel-Sakharova

2015

Int. J. Metrol. Qual. Eng.

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Abstract. Many National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) realise the spectral irradiance scale by obtaining traceability from a cryogenic radiometer through the use of calibrated filter radiometers. The filter radiometers are used to determine the temperature of a high temperature black body which is then used as a reference source, which spectral radiance can be determined from Planck's equation. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement makes the most significant contribution to the uncertainty of realising the spectral irradiance scale. High temperature fixed points (HTFPs), above the copper point, can be used to improve these uncertainties. After more than ten years of research, results obtained on metal-carbon eutectic fixed points by several NMIs, showed that these novel high temperature fixed points could lead to significant improvements in high temperature metrology and could be considered as potential fixed points in a future International Temperature Scale.This paper describes the development and characterisation of selected high temperature metal-carbon fixed points at NMISA. It is demonstrated that these fixed points can be utilised as reproducible, stable reference standards for temperatures above the copper point.

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Thermodynamic temperature determinations of Co–C, Pd–C, Pt–C and Ru–C eutectic fixed-point cells

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

Experience of Construction and Study of Pt–C Eutectic in VNIIM and Cooperation with LNE-INM

Experience of Construction and Study of Pt–C Eutectic in VNIIM and Cooperation with LNE-INM

Large- and Small-Aperture Fixed-Point Cells of Cu, Pt–C, and Re–C

The development and characterisation of high temperature fixed points at NMISA

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