Thermodynamic properties of liquid Au–Bi–Sn alloys

Abstract

Highlights► The thermodynamic data of the liquid ternary Au–Bi–Sn system are reported. ► The electromotive force method with a liquid electrolyte was used to determine the activity of tin in the alloys. ► The partial free energies of tin in this system were calculated from the obtained EMF values. ► The Gibbs–Duhem integration was used to calculate the integral Gibbs free energy and integral enthalpy in the system.

Lead-free solder alloys: Thermodynamic properties of the (Au+Sb+Sn) and the (Au+Sb) system

“…A very detailed description of the cell and the setup is also given in Ref. [24] . Measurements were carried out on heating and cooling with a rate of 10 K · h −1 .The cooling curve was taken to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of this system.…”

Properties and Microstructures of Sn-Bi-X Lead-Free Solders

“…The highest spreading ratio was 78.2% and it was higher than that of Sn-58Bi solder. Chen et al [33] studied the wettability of Sn-Bi-3Zn ( = 37, 38,39,41,42,43) and Sn-38Bi-Zn ( = 0, 23, 4) at 170 ∘ C and 190 ∘ C. At 170 ∘ C, the spreading ratio was increased from 68% to 72% with the Bi element increased; but the spreading ratio was decreased from 75.8% to 66% and then increased to 72.7% with the Zn element increased. At 190 ∘ C, the spreading ratio of the Sn-Bi-3Zn alloys was decreased from 73.2% to 72% and then increased to 73.3% and it was higher than that at 170 ∘ C. However, the spreading ratio of the Sn-38Bi-Zn alloys changed slightly remaining 72% at 190 ∘ C. The wettability of the Sn-58Bi, Sn-35Bi-0.5Ag, and Sn-35Bi-1.0Ag was investigated by Zhang et al [34].…”

“…The melting point of the eutectic Sn-58Bi solder alloy is 139 ∘ C [41]. To develop the lead-free solder database, the thermodynamic data is very significant [42].…”

Thermodynamic properties of the liquid Ag-Bi-Cu-Sn lead-free solder alloys

“…Alloys based on those components are considered among others as possible materials for the lead-free solders [1][2][3][4][5]. Systematic experimental and theoretical studies of thermodynamic properties [e.g., [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] , made by the various research centers partially coordinated by the European actions COST531 [15] and MP609 [16] led to the development of complete thermodynamics descriptions of the binary and ternary systems based on those elements [e.g., [17][18][19][20][21]. Phase boundaries and chemical composition of quaternary Ag-Bi-Cu-Sn system were investigated by Doi at all [22] using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscope and a scanning electronic microscope (TEM) while the chemical compositions were determined by energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDX).…”