Thermodynamic performance of the 3-stage ADR for the Astro-H Soft-X-ray Spectrometer instrument

Shirron, Peter; Kimball, Mark O.; James, Bryan L.; Muench, Theodore; DiPirro, Michael; Bialas, Thomas G.; Sneiderman, Gary A.; Porter, F. S.; Kelley, R. L.

doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.10.011

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A detailed thermodynamic analysis of the SXS ADR has been published previously. 9,15 In this discussion, only a top-level summary is provided. When stage 1 is demagnetized, as described in the previous section, from 0.75 K and a magnetic field of 2 T (averaged over the volume of the salt pill), the theoretical cooling capacity at 50 mK is 0.165 J.…”

Section: Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Cooling Capacities Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By this method, the cooling capacity of stage 1 at 50 mK was determined to be 0.132 J, or 84% of the theoretical capacity. 15 Once the heat absorption efficiency was determined, both salt temperature and heat load could be inferred for any subsequent ADR cycle by fitting the magnet current as a function of time during the 50 mK hold to calculated values that would produce a constant increase in entropy. 14 This analysis consistently yielded a salt temperature of 48.5 mK.…”

Section: Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Cooling Capacities Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and on-orbit operation of the soft x-ray spectrometer adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi observatory

Shirron

Kimball

James

et al. 2018

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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The soft x-ray spectrometer (SXS) instrument that flew on the Astro-H observatory was designed to perform imaging and spectroscopy of x-rays in the energy range of 0.2 to 13 keV with a resolution requirement of 7 eV or better. This was accomplished using a 6 × 6 array of x-ray microcalorimeters cooled to an operating temperature of 50 mK by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). The ADR consisted of three stages to operate using either a 1.2 K superfluid helium bath or a 4.5 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler as its heat sink. The design was based on the following operating strategy. After launch, while liquid helium was present (cryogen mode), two of the ADR's stages would be used to single-shot cool the detectors, using the helium as a heat sink. When the helium was eventually depleted (cryogen-free mode), all three ADR stages would be used to continuously cool the helium tank to about 1.5 K and to single-shot cool the detectors (to 50 mK), using the JT cryocooler as a heat sink. The Astro-H observatory, renamed Hitomi after its successful launch in February 2016, carried ∼36 L of helium into orbit. Based on measurements during ground testing, the average heat load on the helium was projected to be 0.66 mW, giving a lifetime of more than 4 years. On day 5, the helium had cooled to <1.4 K and ADR operation began, successfully cooling the detector array to 50 mK. The ADR's hold time steadily increased to 48 h as the helium cooled to a temperature of 1.12 K. As the commissioning phase progressed, the ADR was recycled (requiring ∼45 min) periodically, either in preparation for science observations or whenever the 50 mK stage approached the end of its hold time. In total, 18 cycles were completed by the time an attitude control anomaly led to an unrecoverable failure of the satellite on day 38. This paper presents the design, operation, and on-orbit performance of the ADR in cryogen mode as the foreshortened mission did not provide an opportunity to test cryogen-free mode.

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Section: Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Cooling Capacities Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Cooling Capacities Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and on-orbit operation of the soft x-ray spectrometer adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi observatory

Shirron

Kimball

James

et al. 2018

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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“…architecture of the Hitomi ADR 1,31 . The ADR crystal is suspended in the bore of a NbTi coil by Kevlar crosses at each end of the mandrel.…”

Section: Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver

Switzer

Ade

Baildon

et al. 2019

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) is a balloon-borne telescope mission to search for inflationary gravitational waves from the early universe. PIPER employs two 32 × 40 arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors, which operate at 100 mK. An open bucket dewar of liquid helium maintains the receiver and telescope optics at 1.7 K. We describe the thermal design of the receiver and sub-kelvin cooling with a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR). The CADR operates between 70 − 130 mK and provides ≈10 µW cooling power at 100 mK, nearly five times the loading of the two detector assemblies. We describe electronics and software to robustly control the CADR, overall CADR performance in flight-like integrated receiver testing, and practical considerations for implementation in the balloon float environment.

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“…Averaging over the 48-hour interval between recycles gives a time-average heat load to the liquid helium of 0.067 mW. During the ground test campaign for the SXS instrument, a thermodynamic model of the ADR 14 was constructed so that the heat generation rate as a function of time could be calculated. The original purpose was to determine the timeaverage heat load from the ADR in order to verify it met the requirement of <0.20 mW (see Table 1), but it also provided a mechanism for mass gauging the helium tank during the mission.…”

Section: Liquid Mass Gauging Using Heat Rejected From the Adrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and on-orbit operation of the adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer instrument

et al. 2016

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The Soft X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Astro-H observatory contains a 6x6 array of x-ray microcalorimeters that is cooled to 50 mK by an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). The ADR consists of three stages in order to provide stable detector cooling using either a 1.2 K superfluid helium bath or a 4.5 K Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler as its heat sink. When liquid helium is present, two of the ADR's stages are used to single-shot cool the detectors while rejecting heat to the helium. After the helium is depleted, all three stages are used to continuously cool the helium tank (to about 1.5 K) and single-shot cool the detectors (to 50 mK), using the JT cryocooler as its heat sink. The Astro-H observatory, renamed Hitomi after its successful launch in February 2016, carried approximately 36 liters of helium into orbit. On day 5, the helium had cooled sufficiently (<1.4 K) to allow operation of the ADR. This paper describes the design, operation and on-orbit performance of the ADR, and the use of the ADR's heat rejection as a tool for mass gauging the helium tank.

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Thermodynamic performance of the 3-stage ADR for the Astro-H Soft-X-ray Spectrometer instrument

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Design and on-orbit operation of the soft x-ray spectrometer adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi observatory

Design and on-orbit operation of the soft x-ray spectrometer adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi observatory

Sub-Kelvin cooling for two kilopixel bolometer arrays in the PIPER receiver

Design and on-orbit operation of the adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator on the Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer instrument

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