Thermodynamic performance analysis and optimization of a trigeneration system with different configurations applied to a medium-sized hospital

Safety Aspects of Organic Rankine Cycles (Orc) with Combustible Working Fluid and Sub-Ambient Condenser Pressure

“…These standards distinguished four classes of fluids from ''no flame propagation'' to ''higher flammability'', based on certain flame properties of the fluid mixed with air. Studies in literature included among other cycles using n-pentane (Invernizzi et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2017;Santiago et al, 2022), toluene (Patel et al, 2017), n-octane (Al-Sulaiman et al, 2012) and acetone (Ferrara et al, 2014), which are all highly flammable. Some of these authors (Invernizzi et al, 2007;Santiago et al, 2022) pointed out that there is a balance between a lower cost of flammable fluids and the cost of necessary safety precautions.…”

“…Studies in literature included among other cycles using n-pentane (Invernizzi et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2017;Santiago et al, 2022), toluene (Patel et al, 2017), n-octane (Al-Sulaiman et al, 2012) and acetone (Ferrara et al, 2014), which are all highly flammable. Some of these authors (Invernizzi et al, 2007;Santiago et al, 2022) pointed out that there is a balance between a lower cost of flammable fluids and the cost of necessary safety precautions. The use of flammable fluids may require additional precautions for specific applications, such as marine (Suárez de la Fuente et al, 2017) or offshore (Nami et al, 2018) Another aspect or criterion in working fluid selection is the saturation pressure at the temperatures relevant for the condenser.…”