Thermodynamic modelling of a cooling C–O–H fluid–graphite system: implications for hydrothermal graphite precipitation

Huizenga, Jan Marten

doi:10.1007/s00126-010-0310-y

Cited by 58 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…9;Cesare 1995;Pasteris 1999;Huizenga 2011), (b) the consumption of H 2 O in a C-O-H fluid so that it becomes carbon saturated, and (c) the infiltration of externally derived CO 2 into relatively reduced rocks (Glassley 1982;Lamb and Valley 1984).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphite precipitation from a cooling fluid phase is caused by the reduction of the carbon solubility in a C-O-H fluid with decreasing temperature (e.g., Cesare 1995;Pasteris 1999;Huizenga 2011). Such a process can either occur under conditions of redox equilibrium (Selverstone 2005;Huizenga 2011) or redox disequilibrium (e.g., Cesare 1995;Luque et al 1998;Huizenga 2011) between the fluid and the hostrock (i.e., the fluid fO 2 is internally buffered).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a process can either occur under conditions of redox equilibrium (Selverstone 2005;Huizenga 2011) or redox disequilibrium (e.g., Cesare 1995;Luque et al 1998;Huizenga 2011) between the fluid and the hostrock (i.e., the fluid fO 2 is internally buffered). For fluid-rock redox equilibrium, the fluid fO 2 is constrained by redox reactions within the rock.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10b). Also, the relative H 2 O content of the fluid phase will increase because the graphite precipitation reaction during cooling is CO 2 +2H 2 →C+2H 2 O (Huizenga 2011).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that only minor changes in temperature, bulk chemical composition of the fluid, and oxygen fugacity took place during the mineralizing process, since these are the main factors controlling graphite deposition from fluids (Huizenga 2011). Pervasive propylitic alteration of the host rocks was coeval with graphite mineralization at Borrowdale.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vein graphite deposits: geological settings, origin, and economic significance

et al. 2013

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Graphite deposits result from the metamorphism of sedimentary rocks rich in carbonaceous matter or from precipitation from carbon-bearing fluids (or melts). The latter process forms vein deposits which are structurally controlled and usually occur in granulites or igneous rocks. The origin of carbon, the mechanisms of transport, and the factors control-ling graphite deposition are discussed in relation to their geological settings. Carbon in granulite-hosted graphite veins derives from sublithospheric sources or from decarbonation reactions of carbonate-bearing lithologies, and it is transported mainly in CO 2 -rich fluids from which it can precipitate. Graphite precipitation can occur by cooling, water removal by retrograde hydration reactions, or reduction when the CO 2 -rich fluid passes through relatively low-fO 2 rocks. In igneous settings, carbon is derived from assimilation of crustal mate-rials rich in organic matter, which causes immiscibility and the formation of carbon-rich fluids or melts. Carbon in these igneous-hosted deposits is transported as CO 2 and/or CH 4 and eventually precipitates as graphite by cooling and/or by hydration reactions affecting the host rock. Independently of the geological setting, vein graphite is characterized by its high purity and crystallinity, which are required for applica-tions in advanced technologies. In addition, recent discovery of highly crystalline graphite precipitation from carbon-bearing fluids at moderate temperatures in vein deposits might provide an alternative method for the manufacture of synthetic graphite suitable for these new applications.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10b). Also, the relative H 2 O content of the fluid phase will increase because the graphite precipitation reaction during cooling is CO 2 +2H 2 →C+2H 2 O (Huizenga 2011).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Graphite Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vein graphite deposits: geological settings, origin, and economic significance

et al. 2013

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Synmetamorphic carbon mobility and graphite enrichment in metaturbidites as a precursor to orogenic gold mineralisation, Otago Schist, New Zealand

Henne

Craw

2012

Miner Deposita

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Fluids preserved in variably altered graphitic pelitic schists in the Dufferin Lake Zone, south-central Athabasca Basin, Canada: implications for graphite loss and uranium deposition

et al. 2015

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International audienceThe Athabasca Basin (Canada) contains the highest grade unconformity-type uranium deposits in the world. Underlying the Athabasca Group sedimentary rocks of the Dufferin Lake Zone are variably graphitic, pelitic schists (VGPS), altered to chlorite and hematite (Red/Green Zone: RGZ). They were locally bleached near the unconformity during paleoweathering and/or later fluid interaction. Overall, graphite was lost from the RGZ and the bleached zone relative to the original VGPS. Fluid inclusions were examined in different generations of quartz veins, using microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy, to characterize and compare the different fluids that interacted with the RGZ and the VGPS. In the VGPS, CH4-, and N2-rich fluid inclusions, which homogenize into the vapor phase between −100 and −74 °C, and −152 and −125 °C, respectively, and CO2-rich fluid inclusions, homogenizing either into vapor or liquid between 20 and 28 °C, are present. Carbonic fluids could be the result of the breakdown of graphite to CH4 + CO2, whereas N2-rich fluid is interpreted to be the result of breakdown of feldspars/micas to NH4 ++N2. In the RGZ, the presence of fluid inclusions with low ice melting temperature (−38 to −16 °C) reflect the presence of CaCl2, and fluid inclusions with halite daughter minerals that dissolve between 190 and 240 °C indicate the presence of highly saline fluids. These fluids are interpreted to be derived from the Athabasca Basin. The circulation of carbonic fluids and brines occurred during two different events related to different P-T conditions of trapping. The carbonic fluids interacted with basement rocks during retrograde metamorphism of the basement rocks before deposition of the Athabasca Basin, whereas the brines circulated after the deposition of the Athabasca Basin. These latter fluids are similar to brines related to uranium mineralization at McArthur River and thus, in addition to possibly being related to graphite depletion in the RGZ, they could be linked to uranium mineralization

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Thermodynamic modelling of a cooling C–O–H fluid–graphite system: implications for hydrothermal graphite precipitation

Cited by 58 publications

References 36 publications

Vein graphite deposits: geological settings, origin, and economic significance

Vein graphite deposits: geological settings, origin, and economic significance

Synmetamorphic carbon mobility and graphite enrichment in metaturbidites as a precursor to orogenic gold mineralisation, Otago Schist, New Zealand

Fluids preserved in variably altered graphitic pelitic schists in the Dufferin Lake Zone, south-central Athabasca Basin, Canada: implications for graphite loss and uranium deposition

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