Thermodynamic Equilibrium Between Ice and Water in Porous Media

Loch, J. P. G.

doi:10.1097/00010694-197808000-00002

Cited by 60 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The expressions reviewed by Grant and Sletten are all within 10% of the Brun et al [16] expressions over the temperature range 230-273 K. At lower temperatures, the relative differences can be larger, but the unfrozen fraction is negligible at those temperatures, and the absolute error incurred by using the more approximate expression in the calculation of unfrozen fraction is too small to have any meaningful effect. Because of this insensitivity to the exact representation, Loch's model [17] …”

Section: Saturation/pressure Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-phase numerical model of water migration in partially frozen geological media: model formulation, validation, and applications

2010

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Water in the subsurface of the Earth's cold regions-and possibly the subsurface of Mars-resides in the liquid, vapor, and ice phases. However, relatively few simulations addressing full three-phase, nonisothermal water dynamics in below-freezing porous media have been undertaken. This paper presents a nonisothermal, three-phase approach to modeling water migration in partially frozen porous media. Conservation equations for water (as ice, liquid, and vapor) and a single gas species (in the gas phase and dissolved in water) are coupled to a heat transport equation and solved by a finite-volume method with fully implicit time stepping. Particular attention is given to the method of spatial differencing when the pore space is partially filled with ice. The numerical model is able to reproduce freezing-induced water redistribution observed in laboratory experiments. Simulations of Earth permafrost dynamics and of the formation and evolution of a planetary-scale cryosphere on Mars demonstrate the new capabilities.

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Section: Saturation/pressure Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-phase numerical model of water migration in partially frozen geological media: model formulation, validation, and applications

2010

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“…The effective aqueous and gas saturations, used in the relative permeability functions, are defined according to Equations (4.10.17) Under freezing conditions, an assumption is made that thermodynamic equilibrium exists between the ice and aqueous phases in porous media. An expression of thermodynamic equilibrium between the ice and aqueous phases in porous media, which accounts for the difference between the ice pressure and the total potential of the aqueous phase, has been developed by Loch [1977], according to Equation (4.10.19). The total potential of the aqueous phase is the pressure one would measure in a soil aqueous solution with a tensiometer, if the tensiometer cup were a perfect semipermeable membrane.…”

Section: Aqueous-ice-gas Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide

White¹,

Oostrom²

2000

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In writing this guide for the STOMP simulator, the authors have assumed that the reader comprehends concepts and theories associated with (multiple-phase) hydrology, heat transfer, thermodynamics, radioactive chain decay, and relative permeability-saturation-capillary pressure constitutive functions. The authors further assume that the reader is familiar with the computing environment on which they plan to compile and execute the STOMP simulator.The STOMP simulator requires an ANSI FORTRAN 77 compiler to generate an executable code. The memory requirements for executing the simulator are dependent on the complexity of physical system to be modeled and the size and dimensionality of the computational domain. Likewise execution speed depends on the problem complexity, size and dimensionality of the computational domain, and computer performance. One-dimensional problems of moderate complexity can be solved on conventional desktop computers, but multidimensional problems involving complex flow and transport phenomena typically require the power and memory capabilities of workstation or mainframe type computer systems.iii iv SummaryThe U. S. Department of Energy, through the Office of Technology Development, has requested the demonstration of remediation technologies for the cleanup of volatile organic compounds and associated radionuclides within the soil and groundwater at arid sites. This demonstration program, called the VOC-Arid Soils Integrated Demonstration Program (Arid-ID), has been initially directed at a volume of unsaturated and saturated soil contaminated with carbon tetrachloride, on the Hanford Site near Richland, Washington. A principal subtask of the Arid-ID program involves the development of an integrated engineering simulator for evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of various remediation technologies. The engineering simulator's intended users include scientists and engineers who are investigating subsurface phenomena associated with remediation technologies. Principal design goals for the engineer simulator include broad applicability, verified algorithms, quality assurance controls, and validated simulations against laboratory and field-scale experiments. An important goal for the simulator development subtask involves the ability to scale laboratory and field-scale experiments to fullscale remediation technologies, and to transfer acquired technology to other arid sites. The STOMP (Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases) simulator has been developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (a) for modeling remediation technologies. Information on the use, application, and theoretical basis of the STOMP simulator are documented in three companion guide manuals. This manual, the Theory Guide (Version 2.0), provides the most recent theory and discussions on the governing equations, constitutive relations, and numerical solution algorithms for the STOMP simulator.The STOMP simulator's fundamental purpose is to produce numerical predictions of thermal and hydrogeologic flow and trans...

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“…The temperature in the fringe is related to the water and ice pressures via a generalised form of the Clapeyron equation (Loch, 1978). The capillary equation expresses the difference in ice and water pressure as a known function of the water content.…”

Section: The Miller Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%