Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Nitrogen Plasma Under Thermal Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Conditions

Meher, K C; Tiwari, Nirupama; Ghorui, S.

doi:10.1007/s11090-015-9615-z

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Solving equation (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) iteratively together with the material data of nitrogen enable calculation of the arc temperature, radius, and the electric field. In some cases, due to scarcity of high pressure material data for nitrogen at high temperature, thermodynamic and transport properties of high pressure air are used [19][20][21]. From the calculated electric field, the arc voltage can then be estimated by assuming a fixed electrode voltage drop of 17 V for all filling pressures, based on previous works [9], [22].…”

Section: A Free-burning Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrahigh-Pressure Nitrogen Arcs Burning Inside Cylindrical Tubes

Abid

Niayesh

Støa-Aanensen

2019

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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When the pressure and temperature of a fluid exceed a critical point, the fluid enters into the supercritical region. In this region, the physical properties are believed to be in favor of a good current interruption medium. This study focuses on the arc voltage characteristics of nitrogen arcs burning inside cylindrical tubes at different filling pressures: 1 bar, 20 bar, 40 bar, and 80 bar, thus covering the supercritical region. Two different tube materials have been used in the experiments; alumina and PTFE. Arc voltages are measured for arcs burning inside tubes of 2, 4, 8, and 15 mm inner diameters. In addition, free-burning arcs have been investigated at the same filling pressures. The arc current was 150 A at 350 Hz throughout the study. The arc voltage is found to increase with decreasing inner diameter of the tube at atmospheric pressure. At higher filling pressures (i.e., 20 bar, 40 bar, 80 bar), however, such a simple relationship is not observed. The arc temperature and radius have been calculated based on the 'simple theory of free-burning arcs' and the 'two-zone ablation arc model'. The calculated arc radius decreases with increasing gas pressure. Furthermore, due to increased absorption of radiation at high filling pressures, ablation is found less significant for ultrahigh-pressure nitrogen arcs compared to atmospheric pressure arcs. This is in line with the observations from optical micrographs of the inner surfaces of the tubes exposed to arcs at different filling pressures.

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Section: A Free-burning Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, only 2 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm tube inner diameters are considered here. The equations along with the material dependent data of electrical conductivity, density, enthalpy, sonic velocity are solved iteratively [19], [21], [24].…”

Section: B Tube-constricted Arcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrahigh-Pressure Nitrogen Arcs Burning Inside Cylindrical Tubes

Abid

Niayesh

Støa-Aanensen

2019

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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“…In a thermal nonequilibrium flow, the different energy modes should be expressed in terms of their associated temperatures to distinguish their relevant contributions to the basic thermodynamic properties [86]. The thermodynamic properties of individual species, such as the enthalpy, entropy, and specific heats, can be calculated using the formulas from statistical thermodynamics [87], in which the partition-function approach is employed. According to quantum physics, the energy of a single atom or molecule is a discrete value, which can be calculated by its energy state i.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the mathematical modeling of equilibrium and nonequilibrium hypersonic flows

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2022

Adv. Aerodyn.

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This paper systematically reviews the mathematical modeling based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method of equilibrium and nonequilibrium hypersonic flows. First, some physicochemical phenomena in hypersonic flows (e.g., vibrational energy excitation and chemical reactions) and the flow characteristics at various altitudes (e.g., thermochemical equilibrium, chemical nonequilibrium, and thermochemical nonequilibrium) are reviewed. Second, the judgment rules of whether the CFD method can be applied to hypersonic flows are summarized for accurate numerical calculations. This study focuses on the related numerical models and calculation processes of the CFD method in a thermochemical equilibrium flow and two nonequilibrium flows. For the thermochemical equilibrium flow, the governing equations, chemical composition calculation methods, and related research on the thermodynamic and transport properties of air are reviewed. For the nonequilibrium flows, the governing equations that include one-, two-, and three-temperature models are reviewed. The one-temperature model is applied to a chemical nonequilibrium flow, whereas the two- and three-temperature models are applied to a thermochemical nonequilibrium flow. The associated calculations and numerical models of the thermodynamic and transport properties, chemical reaction sources, and energy transfers between different energy modes of the three models are presented in detail. Finally, the corresponding numerical models of two special wall boundary conditions commonly used in hypersonic flows (i.e., slip boundary conditions and catalytic walls) and related research, are reviewed.

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“…The computational complexity and cost of the calculation of two-temperature properties is significant, and often hinders the development of nonequilibrium plasma flow models. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the computation of nonequilibrium properties, from the classic work by Paik and Pfender [70,71] on argon properties; by Ramshaw and Chang [74] on ambipolar diffusion in multicomponent plasmas; and by Rat et al [75] on an improved theory for two-temperature transport properties; to the recent work by Colombo et al [27] on Ar-H 2 and N 2 -H 2 mixtures; by Meher et al [53] on the comparison of equilibrium versus nonequilibrium properties of nitrogen plasmas; by Zhang et al [101,102] on the comparison of different methods of computing two-temperature transport properties; and by Wu and collaborators [97] on SF 6 -Cu plasmas.…”

Section: Modeling Of Nonequilibrium In Thermal Plasma Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in (Quasi-)thermal Plasma Flows

Trelles

2019

Plasma Chem Plasma Process

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Thermal plasmas are utilized in diverse applications that require high power densities or throughputs, such as metal cutting, welding, spraying, metallurgy, and materials synthesis. Thermal plasma applications involve interactions between the highly energetic plasma and working gas streams, confining devices, or processing materials. Whereas thermal plasma implies a state of equilibrium (i.e. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, LTE), due to the above interactions, thermal plasma flows depict nonequilibrium phenomena of two types: kinetic and dissipative. Kinetic nonequilibrium manifests microscopically and is caused by localized imbalances between particles and fields interactions. Its occurrence is evidenced, for example, as deviations from thermal equilibrium between heavy-species and electrons or from mass-action laws. In contrast, dissipative nonequilibrium reveals macroscopically and is produced by external driving forces that incite distributed responses, such as the growth of instabilities, the occurrence of self-organization, or the establishment of turbulence. Although kinetic nonequilibrium has been increasingly incorporated in thermal plasma flow models (e.g. finite-rate chemistry, two-temperature models), it is the great advances in numerical computing that is enabling the exploration of dissipative nonequilibrium (e.g. pattern formation, small-scale turbulent features). Both types of nonequilibrium are reviewed, including their estimation and incidence, within the context of computational models and their relevance to thermal plasma sources and processes.

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Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Nitrogen Plasma Under Thermal Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Conditions

Cited by 20 publications

References 51 publications

Ultrahigh-Pressure Nitrogen Arcs Burning Inside Cylindrical Tubes

Ultrahigh-Pressure Nitrogen Arcs Burning Inside Cylindrical Tubes

A review of the mathematical modeling of equilibrium and nonequilibrium hypersonic flows

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in (Quasi-)thermal Plasma Flows

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