Thermodynamic analysis of the selective chlorination of electric arc furnace dust

Pickles, C.A.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.110

Cited by 71 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, though classified by various government regulatory agencies as hazardous waste due to the presence of leachable zinc, cadmium, chromium and nickel compounds, is considered a valuable secondary raw material in the production of zinc [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. On average it is approximately 20 wt% zinc [2], with a highest reported content of 35 wt% [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaporization of zinc during thermal treatment of ZnO with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)

Grabda

Oleszek-Kudlak

Shibata

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaporization of zinc during thermal treatment of ZnO with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)

Grabda

Oleszek-Kudlak

Shibata

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…The composition of EAF dust depends on the EAF operating conditions, such as the characteristics of the scrap charged into the EAF, the electric power supplied to the EAF, the operating period, the specification of the steel produced, etc. [5]. Given an average yield of EAF dust of 15 to 25 kg for every metric ton of steel produced [6], the amount of zinc that can possibly be recovered from EAF dust is approximately 1.4 million tons worldwide per annum [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

Chairaksa-Fujimoto

Inoue

Umeda

et al. 2015

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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The non-carbothermic zinc pyrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust was investigated on a laboratory scale. The main objective of this process was to convert highly stable zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ), which accounts for more than half of total zinc in the EAF dust, into ZnO and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 by CaO addition. The EAF dust was mixed with CaO powder in various ratios, pressed into pellets, and heated in a muffle furnace in air at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1100°C for a predetermined holding time. All ZnFe 2 O 4 was transformed into ZnO and Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 at a minimum temperature of 900°C within 1 h when sufficient CaO to achieve a Ca/Fe molar ratio of 1.1 was added. However, at higher temperatures, excess CaO beyond the stoichiometric ratio was required because it was consumed by reactions leading to the formation of compounds other than ZnFe 2 O 4 . The evaporation of halides and heavy metals in the EAF dust was also studied. These components could be preferentially volatilized into the gas phase at 1100°C when CaO was added.

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“…[13][14][15][16] The EAF Dust treatment has also been assessed through the chemical attack of some chlorinebearing reactants. [17][18][19] In this perspective, the present work addresses, mainly, the chemical behavior of Zn and Fe content in electric arc furnaces dusts as submitted to distinct methods of chlorination. These were selected according to usual and mentioned practices: direct action of chlorine, reducing chlorination, oxidizing roasting with calcium chloride in the presence of graphite in different atmospheres, or still a reaction with gaseous hydrochloric acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavior of Zn and Fe Content in Electric Arc Furnace Dust as Submitted to Chlorination Methods

Santos

Brocchi

Araujo

et al. 2015

Metall Mater Trans B

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This work covers initially a general thermodynamics assessment regarding the zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) behavior toward direct and reducing chlorination. Then, the use of alternative chlorination agents were also theoretically appreciated, before a set of experiments has been carried out with industrial residue (electric arc furnace dust). Besides identifying zinc ferrite (95.4 pct), the XRD analysis indicated the presence of ZnO (4.6 pct). Therefore, the main objective of the present work is related to a theoretical (thermodynamics) and experimental (kinetics) evaluation of the mentioned residue chemical behavior as submitted to chlorination methods. Several characterization methods were used, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was observed that zinc was present, mostly, in the form of zinc ferrite (franklinite). The thermodynamics study revealed that Zn has a more susceptible behavior regarding the oxides conversion into chlorides. However, this tendency is not necessarily associated with a selective reaction, as showed for the chlorination in the presence of carbon, as both iron and zinc chlorides formation is feasible. The experimental results have indicated that some reaction systems can be further studied in order to identify operational conditions that enable selective formations. So, it was observed that for the calcium chloride reaction conducted at 1273 K (1000°C) for 30 minutes, the iron content in the residue slightly increases (with 15 pct removal), whereas the zinc content decreases from 20 to 12 pct (53 pct removal), suggesting complementary studies where this possible selectivity could be even more determinant. Such results have also indicated that the direct action of chlorine at 1073 K (800°C) allowed complete removal of zinc, followed by conversion in the order of 40 pct in iron. Therefore, a complementary investigation over these alternatives is identified as a promising option in the field of electric arc furnace dust treatment, particularly when the Zn content is very low.

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Thermodynamic analysis of the selective chlorination of electric arc furnace dust

Cited by 71 publications

References 20 publications

Vaporization of zinc during thermal treatment of ZnO with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)

Vaporization of zinc during thermal treatment of ZnO with tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)

New pyrometallurgical process of EAF dust treatment with CaO addition

Behavior of Zn and Fe Content in Electric Arc Furnace Dust as Submitted to Chlorination Methods

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