“…volume expansion or directed difts and rotations, is generated from chemical potential grandients [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], from the splitting of chemical bonds (molecular motors) [12,13] as in ATP hydrolysis, from thermal diffusion modelled by Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations (Brownian motors) [10,14,15], and from surface energy in interface phenomena like tears of wine, beating oil lenses, and self-oscillating pendant droplets [16]. Recent technologically oriented applications are syngas production [17], capacitive deionisation for desalinisation of blackish water [18,19], CO 2 capture by carbonation-decarbonation cycles [20], solardriven CO 2 reduction [21], chemical looping for hydrogen production [22,23] and for energy and carbon storage [24,25], low-grade heat harvesting [26][27][28], pyrolytic reactions to increase the efficiency of turbine engines [29].…”