Thermochemical Modeling of Oxide Glasses

Besmann, Theodore M.; Spear, Karl E.

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00552.x

Cited by 100 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…This is attributed to the fact that residual metals (Na, Ca, K, etc.) can generate ternary oxides such as Na 6 Si 8 O 19 and Na 2 Si 2 O 5 via reactions with silica (18,19) and can melt at ∼780°C (20,21). The use of HCl may not be a critical issue for the scaleup of the given synthetic procedure because HCl treatments have been well adopted in various industrial productions (22,23).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Jung

Ryou²,

Sung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

266

182

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The rice husk is the outer covering of a rice kernel and protects the inner ingredients from external attack by insects and bacteria. To perform this function while ventilating air and moisture, rice plants have developed unique nanoporous silica layers in their husks through years of natural evolution. Despite the massive amount of annual production near 10 8 tons worldwide, so far rice husks have been recycled only for low-value agricultural items. In an effort to recycle rice husks for high-value applications, we convert the silica to silicon and use it for high-capacity lithium battery anodes. Taking advantage of the interconnected nanoporous structure naturally existing in rice husks, the converted silicon exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as a lithium battery anode, suggesting that rice husks can be a massive resource for use in high-capacity lithium battery negative electrodes.R ice is one of the most widespread food crops for human sustenance (Fig. 1A). It is currently cultivated in about 75 countries, and more than one-third of the global population eats rice as a staple food. Its worldwide annual production amounts to ∼422 million metric tons (1). The cultivation of rice plants generates a waste product, so-called rice husks (RHs), and upon the complete harvest of rice, the content of the RH reaches ∼20 wt% of the entire rice kernel, a very large amount, considering the massive scale of global rice production. The utilization of RHs has been an extensive research topic for decades (2). However, practical applications of RHs have been limited to a narrow range of low-value agricultural items, such as fertilizer additives, stockbreeding rugs, and bed soil, because of their tough and abrasive properties (2). There is a large opportunity for further research targeting more valuable applications.Although RHs contain a variety of components such as lignin, cellulose, and silica, the present study pays attention mainly to recycling of the silica component. It has been known (3, 4) that silica accounts for ∼15-20 wt% of the entire RHs (Fig. 1B, Lower Inset) and originates from monosilicic acid that is first introduced into rice plants through their roots and is then moved to the rigid outer epidermal walls of the plants where it is converted into silica. The silica in RHs plays an important role in protecting rice from external attack by insects and bacteria (3, 5, 6), but simultaneously facilitates ventilation between inside and outside RHs to preserve moisture and nutrients inside the kernels. To perform these critical dual functions, the silica in RHs has developed unique porous nanostructures through years of natural evolution.In an effort to recycle RHs toward high-value applications, in the present investigation, the RH silica possessing unique nanostructures has been applied in high-capacity lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes by reducing the silica to silicon (Si). Si has recently attracted considerable attention as an LIB anode due to its unparalleled theoretical capacity around 4,000 mAh/g ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling rice husks for high-capacity lithium battery anodes

Jung

Ryou²,

Sung

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

266

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, a liquid CaSiO 3 (l) species is ideally mixed with endmember CaO (l) and SiO 2 (l) to represent the liquid phase in the CaO-SiO 2 binary system. While CaSiO 3 (l) may not exist as a chemical entity that can be isolated and characterized, this species in the model can accurately represent the negative interaction energy that occurs between calcium and silica in oxide liquid solution [14].…”

Section: Thermodynamic Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G exs is the excess Gibbs energy, and expressed by the Redlich-Kister polynomial [14,18], where L is the binary interaction parameter that has been optimized by several workers [14,18,19]. The temperature dependence of L may be expressed as…”

Section: Thermodynamic Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The association model was used to describe the Gibbs energy of the liquid phase [14]. The association-species solution model uses intermediate "Chemical species" with their corresponding thermodynamic data, to represent the negative, non-ideal mixing of the end-member components in a system.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermodynamic data used for this study are obtained from literature [7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], phase diagrams, database of sources such as FACTSAGE, H.S.C, CHEMSAGE, THERMOCAL and STGE, as well as experimental data. Gibbs energy functions of all phases of the system and especially the excess Gibbs energy coefficients of the solu-tion phases are necessary to calculate a temperature-composition phase diagram.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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