“…Waste from agricultural industry is increasingly attracting attention for the role it may play in environmental remediation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as the global communities move towards a cleaner world [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. For material synthesis, biomass waste is a valuable source of carbon and trace minerals [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], where the micro- and nanostructure of the material may give rise to unusual material architectures without the need for complex templates or multi-step processes [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. With an attractive combination of properties such as good conductivity, high surface area and chemical reactivity, these multipurpose materials can underpin sustainable circular economy by enabling new efficient nanomaterial-based devices [ 13 , 14 ] and functional coatings [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”