Thermo/pH Responsive Star and Linear Copolymers Containing a Cholic Acid-Derived Monomer, N-Isopropylacrylamide and Acrylic Acid: Synthesis and Solution Properties

Castro-Hernández, Ana; Cortez-Lemus, Norma A.

doi:10.3390/polym11111859

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…For biological applications, biocompatible polymeric materials having a diameter of less than 100 nm are required. Block amphiphilic copolymers when self‐assemble, transform into micellar structures like microspheres in solution, making them stimuli‐responsive 106 . The chains of amphiphilic block copolymers, including different ionizable groups, allow their regions to adapt to changes in the aqueous environment 9 .…”

Section: Classification Of Ph‐responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Block amphiphilic copolymers when self-assemble, transform into micellar structures like microspheres in solution, making them stimuli-responsive. 106 The chains of amphiphilic block copolymers, including different ionizable groups, allow their regions to adapt to changes in the aqueous environment. 9 Depending on the structural properties and pKa/pKb values, these groups either donate or accept protons when the pH of an aqueous solution is changed.…”

Section: Ph-responsive Linear Block Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

Singh,

Nayak

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Polymer science has applications in biomedical engineering, prosthetics, surgical implants, and prospective pharmaceutical excipients for drug delivery. “Intelligent or Smart Polymers” are created for drug targeting either by derivatization of natural polymers or controlled radical polymerization of electrolytes. Their mode of action is governed by the environmental stimuli viz. temperature, pH, ionic concentration, magnetism, and so on. pH‐responsive polymers, because of their self‐assembling behavior, alter their solubility, conformation, surface activity, and hydrophilicity when exposed to a specific pH. The physiological pH varies from acidic nuclei to alkaline cytoplasm and highly acidic gastric juice to slightly alkaline plasma; thus, various polymers are under study for delivering small molecules, genes, peptides, enzymes, growth factors, and antibodies. The non‐invasive drug delivery routes like oral, ocular, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, and rectal routes can be explored for targeting recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules with particular emphasis on the individual's physiological and pathological state. Further, these polymers can be designed into various architectures like dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles that can serve as drug reservoirs for sustaining drug release. The challenges in this field are the selection of biocompatible polymers with ease of synthesis and scale‐up, ensuring effective drug‐loading, and stability aspects, producing robust pharmacological data, and timely regulatory approvals. This review exclusively explores the physicochemical characteristics of pH‐responsive polymers, their categorization, various architectural entities, recent studies and patents, and their emerging applications concerning specific diseases.

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Section: Classification Of Ph‐responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ph-responsive Linear Block Copolymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

Singh,

Nayak

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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“…In the last two decades, the development and study of copolymers thermo‐responsive such as poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), have been focused on biomedical applications. However, PNIPAm‐based nanocarriers have not been FDA‐approved 7 . Although health is a priority issue, many other problems are reaching us worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PNIPAm-based nanocarriers have not been FDA-approved. 7 Although health is a priority issue, many other problems are reaching us worldwide. For example, water scarcity is increasing; unfortunately, the demand is also rising.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

End‐group controlling aqueous solution properties in star‐shaped poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers

Hermosillo‐Ochoa

Cortez-Lemus

2023

Journal of Polymer Science

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Star‐shaped poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA)6 polymers were synthesized using hexafunctional chain transfer agent (CTA) trithiocarbonate type via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The (PHEA)6 polymers with dodecyl chain‐end were non‐water soluble. As the molecular weight increased, the polymers could disperse in water, forming large aggregates with a DH of 1027 to 525 nm. On the contrary, the (PHEA)6 polymers with the carboxylic acid group at the chain‐end were completely soluble in water. Then, (PHEA)6 polymers were chain extended with N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) to obtain poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PHEA‐b‐PNIPAM) block copolymers. The dodecyl group strongly affects the aqueous solution properties of the copolymers even with a high PNIPAM content. Copolymers with dodecyl chain‐end were insoluble or partially soluble in water, forming large aggregates (0.5 mg/ml in distilled water). The copolymers with carboxylic acid end‐group were totally water soluble. The thermo‐responsive phase behavior of the star‐shaped block copolymers was studied, and for this purpose, it was necessary to remove the RAFT group containing the dodecyl tail. The intense turbidity observed in the aqueous dispersions of the corresponding copolymers made it challenging to determine the LCST accurately. The copolymers with a carboxylic end group were evaluated as is.

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“…Furthermore, the polymers obtained presented low toxicity to native cells. Anna Castro-Hernández et al [27] have utilized bi-, tri-, and tetra-functional CTAs as cores for preparing star copolymers with poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl cholate), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and poly(acrylic acid) arms. The prepared samples showed low molar mass dispersity, with a thermo-and pH dual responsivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) Star‐Shaped Copolymers with Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Cores

Sentoukas

Foryś

Marcinkowski

et al. 2022

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Star-shaped copolymers with crosslinked hyperbranched cores, varying in both number and length of the arms, are prepared by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique. Star synthesis is conducted via a simple, "core-first" method. Hydroxypropyl methacrylate monomer is used for the formation of the hyperbranched/crosslinked core, with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate used as a bifunctional monomer in the role of the cross-linker. Two different cross-linker/chain transfer agent ratios are chosen to manipulate the number of the arms in the final star nanostructure. Oligoethylene glycol methacrylate (OEGMA 500 ) is used as a biocompatible and hydrophilic component for the creation and extension of the arms. Arm length is controlled by the amount of OEGMA monomer used in the second polymerization step. Molecular characterization of the four synthesized stars is achieved via size exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance, which provides information regarding the molar mass, dispersity, and composition of each star-shaped copolymer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies of copolymers in N,N-dimethyl formamide solutions provide sizes of individual copolymer molecules in the size range of 8-20 nm. Aqueous dispersions of copolymers are investigated by DLS, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, which show the formation of spherical aggregates with diameters of 60-350 nm, dependent on the arm number and length of star copolymers. The obtained sizes and size distributions, along with the hydroxyl-group-bearing cores, indicate that the star copolymer can be used as potential nanocarriers for drugs or bioimaging agents.

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Thermo/pH Responsive Star and Linear Copolymers Containing a Cholic Acid-Derived Monomer, N-Isopropylacrylamide and Acrylic Acid: Synthesis and Solution Properties

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

pH‐responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities

End‐group controlling aqueous solution properties in star‐shaped poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers

Poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) Star‐Shaped Copolymers with Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Cores

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