Thermo-metallo-mechanical modelling of heat treatment induced residual stress in Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Rae, W. D.

doi:10.1080/02670836.2019.1591031

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(436 reference statements)

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“…From microscopic examination, the plastically deformed zone (PDZ)—covering the combined thickness of the CWZ and TMAZ—was ~500 µm for both the Ti-64 and Ti-6242 sides. This may be attributed to the similar high temperature strength of Ti-6242 and Ti-64 [ 50 , 51 ], as well as their comparable temperature-dependent thermal conductivity behavior and values [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Previously in the work of Guo et al [ 31 ] on LFW of Ti-64 to Ti-6246, the size of the PDZ was also similar, at about 1.5 mm on either side of the weld line.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joining of Dissimilar Alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si Using Linear Friction Welding

et al. 2020

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Dissimilar joints between Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242) were manufactured using linear friction welding. The weld quality, in terms of the microstructure and mechanical properties, was investigated after stress relief annealing (SRA) at 750 °C for 2 h and compared with the as-welded (AWed) results. The central weld zone (CWZ) microstructure in the AWed condition consisted of recrystallized prior-β grains with α’ martensite, which transformed into an acicular α+β structure after SRA. The hardness in the AWed condition was highest in the CWZ and decreased sharply through the thermomechanically affected zones (TMAZ) to the parent materials (PMs). After SRA, the hardness of the CWZ decreased, mainly due to tempering of the α’ martensite microstructure. Static tensile testing of the dissimilar welds in both the AWed and stress relief annealed (SRAed) conditions resulted in ductile fracture occurring exclusively in the Ti-6Al-4V side of the joint. The promising results on joining of Ti-64 to Ti-6242 provide valuable insight for tailoring performance of next-generation aero-engine products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joining of Dissimilar Alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si Using Linear Friction Welding

et al. 2020

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“…Remark (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equations). In other publications [4,6,19,23,27,34,40,44], Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equations are used to predict the temporal evolution of the considered phase fractions. It has to be noted that JMAK equations are nothing else than analytic solutions of differential equations (for diffusion processes) very similar to (10), which are, however, only valid in case of constant parameters k αs , X αs and X eq β .…”

Section: Time-continuous Evolution Equations In Rate Formmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Physics-Based and Data-Supported Microstructure Model for Part-Scale Simulation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V

Nitzler¹,

Meier²,

Müller³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The elasto-plastic material behavior, material strength and failure modes of metals fabricated by additive manufacturing technologies are significantly determined by the underlying process-specific microstructure evolution. In this work a novel physics-based and data-supported phenomenological microstructure model for Ti-6Al-4V is proposed that is suitable for the part-scale simulation of selective laser melting processes. The model predicts spatially homogenized phase fractions of the most relevant microstructural species, namely the stable β-phase, the stable α s -phase as well as the metastable Martensite α m -phase, in a physically consistent manner. In particular, the modeled microstructure evolution, in form of diffusion-based and non-diffusional transformations, is a pure consequence of energy and mobility competitions among the different specifies, without the need for heuristic transformation criteria as often applied in existing models. The mathematically consistent formulation of the evolution equations in rate form renders the model suitable for the practically relevant scenario of temperature-or time-dependent diffusion coefficients, arbitrary temperature profiles, and multiple coexisting phases. Due to its physically motivated foundation, the proposed model requires only a minimal number of free parameters, which are determined in an inverse identification process considering a broad experimental data basis in form of time-temperature transformation diagrams. Subsequently, the predictive ability of the model is demonstrated by means of continuous cooling transformation diagrams, showing that experimentally observed characteristics such as critical cooling rates emerge naturally from the proposed microstructure model, instead of being enforced as heuristic transformation criteria. Eventually, the proposed model is exploited to predict the microstructure evolution for a realistic selective laser melting application scenario

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“…Due to the complexity of AM processing, thermal and mechanical models considering heat and mass transfer are essential to calculate temperature fields to predict melt pool shape and size, cooling rates, residual stresses, and distortion. Finite element modeling is extensively used in AM processes for such purposes [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Some models focus on heat and mass transfer during the process and neglect mechanical phenomenon [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using appropriate material properties that consider strain rate, temperature, and phase dependence are critical for these models. In some cases, adopting hardening and creep models [ 24 , 29 ] reduce the error significantly [ 30 ]. However, limited material property databases force researchers to adjust their thermo-mechanical models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Wire-Fed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The primary objective of this research was to develop a finite element model specifically designed for electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) of Ti-6Al-4V to understand metallurgical and mechanical aspects of the process. Multiple single-layer and 10-layer build Ti-6Al-4V samples were fabricated to validate the simulation results and ensure the reliability of the developed model. Thin wall plates of 3 mm thickness were used as substrates. Thermocouple measurements were recorded to validate the simulated thermal cycles. Predicted and measured temperatures, residual stresses, and distortion profiles showed that the model is quite reliable. The thermal predictions of the model, when validated experimentally, gave a low average error of 3.7%. The model proved to be extremely successful for predicting the cooling rates, grain morphology, and the microstructure. The maximum deviations observed in the mechanical predictions of the model were as low as 100 MPa in residual stresses and 0.05 mm in distortion. Tensile residual stresses were observed in the deposit and the heat-affected zone, while compressive stresses were observed in the core of the substrate. The highest tensile residual stress observed in the deposit was approximately 1.0 σys (yield strength). The highest distortion on the substrate was approximately 0.2 mm.

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Thermo-metallo-mechanical modelling of heat treatment induced residual stress in Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Cited by 21 publications

References 159 publications

Joining of Dissimilar Alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si Using Linear Friction Welding

Joining of Dissimilar Alloys Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si Using Linear Friction Welding

A Novel Physics-Based and Data-Supported Microstructure Model for Part-Scale Simulation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V

Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Wire-Fed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

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