Thermally induced deterioration behaviour of two dolomitic marbles under heating–cooling cycles

Zhang, Zhongjian; Liu, Jianbin; Li, Biao; Yang, Xi-guang

doi:10.1098/rsos.180779

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…The LODs of various chemical elements are shown in Table 2. The greenish-white (Qingbai) marble and white (Hanbai) marbles [32,33] commonly used in Beijing's stone cultural relics were selected as matching objects; they were all collected from the Dashiwo quarry, Fangshan District, Beijing. One measuring point on each sample was selected for the chemical element content test using pXRF, and 16 sets of data were obtained and represented by D1~D16, respectively.…”

Section: Pxrf Chemical Element Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

et al. 2022

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Precise identification of material sources is of great significance to archaeological study, conservation, and restoration of stone cultural relics. The present study proposes a simple and efficient approach to identifying the material source of stone cultural relics based on portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) and statistical analyses. Chemical elements of stone samples, including Ca, K, Fe, Al, Si, Cl, S, and Mg from both cultural relics and potential quarries, were first measured non-destructively using a pXRF device. Obtained chemical element data were then classified using statistical techniques (i.e., cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to match tested materials from cultural relics to the material from a quarry, thereby identifying the material source of stone cultural relics. The proposed method was applied to identify the material sources of the Jin Gang Throne Tower (JGT Tower), the stele of “Rebuilding Pu’ansi Temple” (PAS Stele), and the stele of “Renovation of Sanjinmiao Temple” (SJM Stele) in Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum. The study shows that pXRF can be used on-site for handheld, fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive measurements of the elemental composition of stone materials, being a powerful tool for identifying the material source of stone culture relics especially immovable and large-scale ones.

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Section: Pxrf Chemical Element Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

et al. 2022

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“…The compressive strength test is inevitably the most reliable means to determine the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of masonry materials [ 15 ]. The UCS was carried out in a TAW-2000 electric-fluid servo-controlled testing system at a loading rate of 0.5 MPa s −1 (GB/T 50266–2013) [ 16 ].…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pores with radii larger than 5 μm are normally not filled with salt crystals. Yu & Oguchi [21] proposed the salt susceptibility index (SSI) regarding the PSD and classified the resistance of masonry materials into six categories: exceptionally salt resistant (less than 1), very salt resistant (1-2), salt resistant (2-4), salt prone (4-10), very salt prone (10-15) and exceptionally salt prone (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The SSI is defined as:…”

Section: Pore Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao

Liu

Zhang

2020

R. Soc. open sci.

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The traditional blue brick was the dominant clay brick used in Chinese architecture before the mid-nineteenth century. The ancient city of Ping Yao, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) heritage site, is an outstanding example of blue brick architecture. The Ping Yao bricks within the damp areas (up to 4 m at highest) of the ancient city's walls and private houses are subjected to various weathering, including contour scaling, flaking, powdering and salt crystallization. This study aims to characterize the properties, analyse weathering mechanisms, determine the main weathering factors and discuss the anti-weathering strategies of blue bricks. To do so, samples of brick and salt efflorescence were collected from the historical buildings of Ping Yao and were studied with regard to their mineralogical and physico-mechanical (e.g. density, porosity, pore size distribution, water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength) properties. The resistance to salt crystallization and frost, and the maximum firing temperatures of the brick samples were determined in the laboratory. Weathering mechanisms and anti-weathering strategies were discussed. Salt crystallization and freeze–thaw cycles were found to be two important factors that lead to brick weathering. An anti-weathering strategy of ‘damp blocking, desalination and brick replacing’ was discussed based on the laboratory experiments, suggestions in literature and site conditions.

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“…Studying the evolution of mesoscopic properties of rocks such as thermally-induced changes in the types and amounts of rock-forming minerals, grain sizes of minerals and crack initiation, generation and propagation are vital to understand and interpret any deterioration of macroscopic mechanical behavior of rocks 9 – 12 . On a mesoscopic scale, there are three factors that are known to account for the thermal deterioration of rocks: anisotropic thermal expansion ratios of rock-forming minerals 13 , 14 , mineral decomposition and recrystallization (or phase change) 15 , and thermal gradient inside rock samples (i.e. thermal shock) during heating and cooling processes 16 , 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscopic and macroscopic investigation of a dolomitic marble subjected to thermal damage

Liu

Zhang

Leung

2022

Sci Rep

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Thermal loading is an important factor that could lead to the weakening and deterioration of rock materials. Understanding the thermal properties of rocks and their evolution under different high temperatures is important in the post-fire-hazard evaluation and cultural heritage conservation. Yet it is challenging to understand the evolution of thermally-induced changes in rock properties and to quantitatively study degrees of thermal damage when samples are limited. This study investigates the effects of high temperatures (i.e., 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C) on a dolomitic marble using combined mesoscopic and macroscopic testing techniques. The test results show that increasing marble temperature led to a deterioration of physical properties (i.e., increasing open porosity and weight loss; but decreasing P-wave velocity) and mechanical properties (i.e., increasing axial strain corresponding with the peak stress; but decreasing uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and brittleness). There existed a threshold temperature of 600 °C, which marks different thermal damage mechanisms. Below the threshold, the rock deterioration was mainly caused by physical changes such as crack propagation and grain breakage, which can be characterized by mesoscopic parameters (i.e., linear crack density and mineral grain size distribution). On the contrary, when the temperature was higher than the threshold, the deterioration was caused by chemical changes, including mineral decomposition and re-crystallization, which was indicated by the changes in mineral compositions and relative atomic mass calculation. Based on the experimental results (e.g., mineralogical and physico-mechanical changes) and obtained relationships between the parameters in mesoscale and macroscale, a novel scheme for thermal damage evaluation is proposed to estimate thermally-induced changes in macroscopic parameters (e.g., Young’s modulus) based on the corresponding mesoscopic parameters (e.g., particle size distribution and linear crack density).

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Thermally induced deterioration behaviour of two dolomitic marbles under heating–cooling cycles

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

Characteristics and weathering mechanisms of the traditional Chinese blue brick from the ancient city of Ping Yao

Mesoscopic and macroscopic investigation of a dolomitic marble subjected to thermal damage

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