Thermally encapsulated phenothiazine@MWCNT cathode for aqueous zinc ion battery

Abstract

Phenothiazine is a p-type cathode that follows the anion pairing mechanism, where the electrode undergoes extensive expansion and contraction during cycling, which affects deleteriously the battery performance. Herein, we tried...

Evaluation and degradation mechanism of phthalimide derivatives as anolytes for non-aqueous organic static batteries

“…We found an interesting color oscillatory reaction of phenothiazine in which the radical intermediate is formed. 32 The self-coupled product was also identified in the mass spectral analysis which substantiates the radical intermediate generation (Fig. S18 (ESI †)).…”

Molecular Tailoring of p–type Organics for Zinc Batteries with High Energy Density

“…Furthermore, benefiting from the large conjugated structure of PTZAN at charged state and initial state, the PTZAN cathode is more difficult to dissolve in organic electrolyte, and its cycling performance is more excellent than other small molecules in organic electrolyte. As illustrated in Figure 5d, the Zn||PTZAN cell exhibits long‐cycle life of 2000 cycles and a capacity retention of 77 %, which is better than previously reported (see Table S1) [36–44, 46, 48, 60, 61, 66–69] …”

“…The phenothiazines and phenazines are typical multi‐electron p‐type organic molecules, which have an electron‐rich nitrogen/sulfur heterocyclic ring [46–52] . In the past few years, phenothiazines and phenazines have been applied as cathode materials for Li‐organic batteries, showing a high capacity (≈150 mAh g −1 ) [48, 53–60] . However, they often exhibit limited cycle stability (<500 cycles) because of their high solubility in electrolyte [48, 53–62] .…”

“…[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] In the past few years, phenothiazines and phenazines have been applied as cathode materials for Li-organic batteries, showing a high capacity ( � 150 mAh g À 1 ). [48,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] However, they often exhibit limited cycle stability (< 500 cycles) because of their high solubility in electrolyte. [48,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] Therefore, they don't get much attention, and there are few reports on the application of phenothiazines and phenazines in Zn batteries.…”

Thiophene Based Self‐Doped Conducting Polymers as Cathode for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery

“…[20][21][22] However, their major disadvantages are reduced electrode stability (the active material gets dislodged into the electrolyte over a prolonged cycling experiment), self-coupling of the transition intermediate, an irreversible structural transformation that causes losing the redox chemistry of the material, and bifacial crystallization on the electrode during charging/discharging experiment. [23][24][25][26] Numerous efforts have been made to address these disadvantages as follows: i) physical encapsulation of the active organic molecules inside the porous structures of appropriate adsorbents such as graphene, graphene oxides, MOFs and COFs, [27][28][29][30][31] ii) room temperature thermal encapsulation inside carbon nanotubes, [32,33] iii) cross-linked polymerization of the active organic molecules, [34] and iv) covalent linkage of the active molecule on polymeric backbone. [35] In this regard, conducting polymers are a very good choice due to their inherent conducting ability, electrode stability, and relatively large capacity in addition to ease of preparation and reduced cost.…”