Thermally Driven Exchanges between a Coral Reef and the Adjoining Ocean

Monismith, Stephen G.; Genin, Amatzia; Reidenbach, Matthew A.; Yahel, Gitai; Koseff, Jeffrey R.

doi:10.1175/jpo2916.1

Cited by 93 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Mean currents and Reynolds stresses-Flows along the reef were primarily driven by semidiurnal internal tides (Monismith and Genin 2004). Mean currents at the coral sites were 5 cm s 21 with peak flows on the order of 20 cm s 21 (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef

et al. 2006

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Measurements of velocity and rates of turbulence were made across a fringing coral reef in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, to determine the effect that the rough topography has on boundary layer mixing and flow dynamics. Observations were made at two fore-reef sites and a nearby sandy slope. The friction velocity, u * , and drag coefficient, C D , were determined directly from turbulent Reynolds stresses measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Values of C D for the coral substrates ranged from 0.009 to 0.015, three to five times greater than over the sandy bottom site. The turbulence dissipation rate, e, was determined by fitting spectra of vertical velocity to the theoretical ''5/3'' law expected for the inertial subrange of turbulence. There was a local balance between production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, signifying that we could estimate u * from either the mean velocity profile, turbulence, or dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. Estimates from all three measures agreed well with mean u * /U o ranging from 0.10 6 0.03 to 0.12 6 0.03, indicating that existing turbulent boundary layer flow theory can be applied to flows over the rough topography of coral reefs. The bottom topography, by enhancing both reef scale and local drag and mixing levels, allows reef biota to more effectively exchange dissolved and particulate matter with oceanic waters.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef

et al. 2006

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“…Ciliates were counted as distinct morphotypes in the settlement chamber, and Monismith et al (2006) these morphotypes were taxonomically classified by microscopy after applying quantitative protagol stain (QPS), a silver staining method (Skibbe 1994). Mixotrophy of ciliates was identified with the QPS method.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ciliate community in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Claessens¹,

Wickham²,

Post³

et al. 2008

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Ciliate data were gathered along a 600 m deepwater column in central waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Israel. Samples were taken during winter mixing, the onset of stratification in spring and during summer stratification (2003 to 2005). The phytoplankton community strongly differed in these 3 periods, from highest abundances of eukaryotic algae during mixing, followed by a Synechococcus bloom right after the onset of stratification and a Prochlorococcus-dominated community in summer. Ciliate abundance and biomass were high compared to chlorophyll standing stock, with maximal values of 3534 cells l -1 and 3554 ng C l -1 , respectively. Abundances were at times 5-fold higher than those found in comparable studies on nutrient-poor pelagic systems and approached those observed in coastal waters. Ciliate carbon:chlorophyll ratios of up to 26 were astonishingly high, as compared to values of 2 to 5 normally observed. This indicates a high efficiency of the ciliates in utilizing the available food. The phytoplankton community in the Gulf is dominated by picocyanobacteria, and by repacking the algal prey into accessible particles, protozoans might be an important intermediate link in the pathway between phytoplankton and metazoan grazers. Oligotrichs and nanociliates contributed up to 98 and 88% of ciliate total abundance, respectively. Small oligotrich species appeared to be the superior competitors in this oligotrophic marine system, being able to utilize the dominant picoautotrophs efficiently.KEY WORDS: Nanociliates · Nutrient limitation · Ocean · Oligotrichia · QPS · Strombidium · Strobilidium · TintinnidsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…It has been demonstrated that thermally driven exchanges occur between a coral reef and the adjacent ocean at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba [16]. The heating of shallow water causes an offshore movement of water at the surface and a balancing onshore flow of water at depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nearshore evaporation rates on the design of seabed gallery intake systems for SWRO facilities located along the Red Sea shoreline of Saudi Arabia

Dehwah

Jadoon

Al-Mashharawi

et al. 2015

Desalination and Water Treatment

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(2016) Effects of nearshore evaporation rates on the design of seabed gallery intake systems for SWRO facilities located along the Red Sea shoreline of Saudi Arabia, Desalination and Water Treatment, 57:48-49, 22726-22733, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1098796 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10. 1080/19443994.2015 Feed water to seawater reverse osmosis desalination systems should have a constant salinity with minimal variation. Intake systems that extract water from shallow nearshore areas in arid regions can exhibit significant fluctuations in salinity caused by high rates of evaporation and lack of circulation. Such fluctuations in salinity could inhibit the design, construction, and operation of seabed gallery intake systems located in shallow nearshore areas, such as the Red Sea inner shelf. Water depths range from 0 to 2 m between the beach and the edge of the fringing reef in the optimal locations for the development of seabed gallery intakes along the coast of the Red Sea of Saudi Arabia. The evaporation rate in this area is between 2 and 3 m per year. The bottom consists of mostly a marine hardground containing a thin veneer of unlithified sediment and no significant cover of corals or seagrass. The rather barren nature of the bottom suggests that periodic hypersalinity may contribute to the formation of hardgrounds on the bottom by causing supersaturation of the seawater with calcium carbonate and may limit the growth of corals and grasses. To assess the changes in salinity, a conceptual model was developed which assumes that a shallow circulation cell develops between the shoreline and deeper water offshore. Lower salinity seawater should migrate landward to replace water loss caused by evaporation with seaward moving of high-salinity water occurring along the bottom to balance the flow with ultimate mixing before the reef tract. To test this circulation pattern, a series of sensors were deployed to continuously monitor the water temperature, conductivity, and salinity at the surface and at the bottom during several periods of high air temperature. Surprisingly, the results show very little variation in salinity, despite the very high evaporation loss. The water salinity ranged between 39,000 and 40,000 mg/L with no diurnal variations of significance. Based on the monitoring and weather station data collected nearby, it appears that the predominant strong onshore wind, particularly during the afternoon and early evening, causes near-continuous mixing of the water between the reef tract and the shoreline. Therefore, the development of seabed gallery intake systems within the shallow water between 1 and 2 m of depth is feasible based on the measured salinity which is similar to that occurring further offshore in water depths between 2 and 20 m.

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Thermally Driven Exchanges between a Coral Reef and the Adjoining Ocean

Cited by 93 publications

References 44 publications

Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef

Boundary layer turbulence and flow structure over a fringing coral reef

Ciliate community in the oligotrophic Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Effects of nearshore evaporation rates on the design of seabed gallery intake systems for SWRO facilities located along the Red Sea shoreline of Saudi Arabia

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