Thermally Chargeable Ammonium‐Ion Capacitor for Energy Storage and Low‐Grade Heat Harvesting

Abstract

Harvesting heat from the low‐grade heat (below 100 °C) into electricity has the signification to enhance the utilization of energy and lower carbon emissions by a simple device. Herein we demonstrate a thermally chargeable ammonium ion capacitor (TAIC) by employing graphene‐polyimide (rGO‐PI) synthesized through polycondensation of 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride and ethylenediamine as cold electrode, N‐doped hollow carbon nanofibers as hot electrode to directly convert waste heat into electricity. Combining thermodiffusion effect of electrolyte with thermogalvanic effect of a redox couple (−C=O/−C−O−NH4+), as‐assembled TAIC can deliver a high output voltage of 624 mV, power density of 82 μW cm−2 and average Seebeck coefficient of 9.07 mV K−1 at temperature difference of 45 K. Meanwhile, with the introduction of polyacrylamide‐polyacrylic acid‐based gel electrolyte, the assembled flexible device can well serve in various bending states, and the power density can attain a satisfying value of 1.92 μW cm−2. This quasi‐solid‐state TAIC shows great potential as one promising candidate for high value‐added conversion from low‐grade heat into electricity as well as wearable applications.

Extrinsic pseudocapacitive ultrathin 2D MoS2 nanoflakes clamped on 1D Sb2S3 nanorods: an advanced heterostructured anode for high-energy ammonium ion hybrid capacitors

“…S12a †). 59 Here, the 'b' This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2024 values of the cathodic and anodic peaks were accordingly 0.92 and 0.90, suggesting a combination of surface-and diffusioncontrolled processes. These values indicate that the majority of the charges were contributed from the rapid reaction kinetics of a surface-controlled process.…”

Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensing Based on Thermogalvanic Hydrogels

“…A gel with low thermal conductivity can maintain a high-temperature difference between the electrodes, and the reduction of the temperature gradient will also reduce the thermogalvanic potential. Reaction kinetics is used to explain conductivity; the reaction resistance of redox substances at the electrode and the transport resistance in the electrolyte is related to the magnitude of conductivity [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ].…”

Ammonium-ion energy storage devices for real-life deployment: storage mechanism, electrode design and system integration

“…154 Zhang et al assembled a thermally rechargeable ammonium ion capacitor (TAIC) using graphene-polyimide (rGO-PI) condensed from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and ethylenediamine as a cold electrode and nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofibres as a hot electrode, which can directly convert waste heat into electricity. 155…”