Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture

Elving, Josefine; Vinnerås, Björn; Albihn, Ann; Ottoson, Jakob

doi:10.1080/03601234.2014.922783

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…While our data as well as those of other studies (34,79) thus showed a reduction in the heterogeneity among viruses under extreme conditions, other works have demonstrated that some heterogeneity in virus inactivation kinetics is conserved even under high-pH and -temperature conditions (29,57,63,80,81). Very resistant viruses include phage (82) and ⌽X174 (this study) for high pH and parvovirus and Salmonella phage 28B for high temperature (30,(83)(84)(85)(86). The reasons for these resistant behaviors remain unknown.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Decrey

Kazama

Kohn

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Treatment. DNA and dsRNA viruses were considerably more resistant than ssRNA viruses, resulting in up to 1,000-fold-longer treatment times to reach a 4-log inactivation. The apparently slower inactivation of DNA viruses was rationalized by the higher stability of DNA than that of ssRNA in HEAM. Pushing the system toward harsher pH (>9) and temperature (>35°C) conditions, such as those encountered in thermophilic digestion and alkaline treatments, led to more consistent inactivation kinetics among ssRNA and other viruses. This suggests that the dependence of inactivation on genome type disappeared in favor of protein-mediated inactivation mechanisms common to all viruses. Finally, we recommend the use of MS2 as a conservative indicator to assess the inactivation of ssRNA viruses and the stable ⌽X174 or dsDNA phages as indicators for persistent viruses. IMPORTANCEViruses are among the most environmentally persistent pathogens. They can be present in high concentrations in human excreta and animal manure (HEAM). Therefore, appropriate treatment of HEAM is important prior to its reuse or discharge into the environment. Here, we investigated the factors that determine the persistence of viruses in HEAM, and we determined the main mechanisms that lead to their inactivation. Unlike other organisms, viruses can have four different genome types (double-or single-stranded RNA or DNA), and the viruses studied herein represent all four types. Genome type appeared to be the major determinant for persistence. Single-stranded RNA viruses are the most labile, because this genome type is susceptible to degradation in HEAM. In contrast, the other genome types are more stable; therefore, inactivation is slower and mainly driven by the degradation of viral proteins. Overall, this study allows us to better understand the behavior of viruses in HEAM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Decrey

Kazama

Kohn

2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“… Time–temperature combinations to achieve a 3 log 10 reduction of Parvoviridae in different matrices (manure/faeces, mixed waste, dried lyophilisate, culture medium, water) obtained from the literature review (Lund et al., 1996 ; Bräuniger et al., 2000 ; Yunoki et al., 2003 ; Sahlström et al., 2008 ; EFSA AHAW Panel and EFSA BIOHAZ Panel, 2011 , Nims and Plavsic, 2013c ; Elving et al., 2014 ; Nims and Zhou, 2016 ) Orange: water; grey: culture media; yellow: semi‐solid; blue: dried lyophilisate. …”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In water, a 1 log 10 reduction occurred in 0.5 min at 94°C for Bovine parvovirus, needing 101°C to achieve a 4 log 10 reduction in the same time (Nims and Plavsic, 2013b ). In matrices with more solid content, like manure mixed with bleaching clay, 660 min was needed to achieve 4 log 10 reduction of porcine parvovirus at 55°C (Lund et al., 1996 ), and 1,019 min to reduce 1 log 10 of porcine parvovirus at 49°C in bovine faeces (Elving et al., 2014 ). Sauerbrei and Wutzler ( 2009 ), cited by EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (2011), concluded that Bovine parvovirus was not significantly influenced by dry heat at 95°C for 120 min.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summarised data from the references identified in the literature review for Parvoviridae are displayed in Table A.4 of Appendix A. (Lund et al, 1996;Br € auniger et al, 2000;Yunoki et al, 2003;Sahlstr € om et al, 2008;EFSA AHAW Panel andEFSA BIOHAZ Panel, 2011, Nims andPlavsic, 2013c;Elving et al, 2014;Nims and Zhou, 2016) Table A.5 of Appendix A shows the results of the literature search on swine vesicular disease virus and Senecavirus A, according to the search strategy presented in Section 3.5. However, specific data on thermal inactivation were only available in the literature for swine vesicular disease, not for Senecavirus A.…”

Section: Parvoviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by‐products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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The European Commission requested EFSA to assess if different thermal processes achieve a 5 log 10 reduction in Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W) and (if relevant) a 3 log 10 reduction in thermoresistant viruses (e.g. Parvovirus ) as well as if different chemical processes achieve a 3 log 10 reduction of eggs of Ascaris sp., in eight groups of Category 2 and 3 derived products and animal by‐products (ABP). These included (1) ash derived from incineration, co‐incineration and combustion; (2) glycerine derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (3) other materials derived from the production of biodiesel and renewable fuels; (4) hides and skins; (5) wool and hair; (6) feathers and down; (7) pig bristles; and (8) horns, horn products, hooves and hoof products. Data on the presence of viral hazards and on thermal and chemical inactivation of the targeted indicator microorganisms and biological hazards under relevant processing conditions were extracted via extensive literature searches. The evidence was assessed via expert knowledge elicitation. The certainty that the required log 10 reductions in the most resistant indicator microorganisms or biological hazards will be achieved for each of the eight groups of materials mentioned above by the thermal and/or chemical processes was (1) 99–100% for the two processes assessed; (2) 98–100% in Category 2 ABP, at least 90–99% in Category 3 ABP; (3) 90–99% in Category 2 ABP; at least 66–90% in Category 3 ABP; (4) 10–66% and 33–66%; (5) 1–33% and 10–50%; (6) 66–90%; (7) 33–66% and 50–95%; (8) 66–95%, respectively. Data generation on the occurrence and reduction of biological hazards by thermal and/or chemical methods in these materials and on the characterisation of the usage pathways of ABP as organic fertilisers/soil improvers is recommended.

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“…Animal manure and animal carcasses can carry pathogens that endanger humans, animals and the environment. Untreated or insufficiently treated animal manure may cause pathogens spread and foster infectious disease outbreaks (Wei et al, 2010;Elving et al, 2014). When pathogens are carried away by rainfall or irrigation, contamination may reach the water supplies or the food chain, allowing these microorganisms to cause disease far from the site of contamination (Elving et al, 2014).…”

Section: Sanitary Safety In Disposal Of Animal Carcasses and Manurementioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional, Energy and Sanitary Aspects of Swine Manure and Carcass Co-digestion

Tápparo

Rogovski

Cadamuro

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Renewable energy can assist the management of the effects of population growth and rapid economic development on the sustainability of animal husbandry. The primary aim of renewable energy is to minimize the use of fossil fuels via the creation of environmentally friendly energy products from depleted fossil fuels. Digesters that treat swine manure are extensively used in treatment systems; and inclusion of swine carcasses can increase the organic loading rate (OLR) thereby improving biogas yield and productivity on farms. However, the characteristics of the components including animal residues, proteins, lipids, remains of undigested feed items, antimicrobial drug residues, pathogenic microorganisms and nutrient contents, are complex and diverse. It is therefore necessary to manage the anaerobic process stability and digestate purification for subsequent use as fertilizer. Efficient methane recovery from residues rich in lipids is difficult because such residues are only slowly biodegradable. Pretreatment can promote solubilization of lipids and accelerate anaerobic digestion, and pretreatments can process the swine carcass before its introduction onto biodigesters. This review presents an overview of the anaerobic digestion of swine manure and carcasses. We analyze the characteristics of these residues, and we identify strategies to enhance biogas yield and process stability. We consider energy potential, co-digestion of swine manure and carcasses, physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment of biomass, sanitary aspects of swine manure and co-digestates and their recycling as fertilizers.

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Thermal treatment for pathogen inactivation as a risk mitigation strategy for safe recycling of organic waste in agriculture

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on Inactivation

Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by‐products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers

Nutritional, Energy and Sanitary Aspects of Swine Manure and Carcass Co-digestion

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