Thermal structure and circulation in the great lakes

Boyce, F.M.; Donelan, Mark A.; Hamblin, P. F.; Murthy, C. R.; Simons, T. J.

doi:10.1080/07055900.1989.9649358

Cited by 81 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…For presentation purposes the data were binned at 1 m intervals. Boyce et al (1989) reviewed the seasonal thermal cycle of the Great Lakes and described the various physical processes that occur. Circulation in the lake is driven by the wind, but (because of Lake Michigan's size) rotational forces are important.…”

Section: Methods and Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the eastern side of Lake Michigan, winds to the north cause downwelling of surface waters, while winds to the south induce upwelling of colder bottom water. These disturbances may then propagate counter-clockwise around the lake as internal Kelvin waves (Mortimer 1980, Boyce et al 1989. The amplitude of these waves decays with distance from shore, so their effects are seen only within a few km of the shoreline.…”

Section: Fig 2 Location Of the Deployment Site (M27) And The Water mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observations of Nepheloid Layers Made With an Autonomous Vertical Profiler

Hawley

Muzzi

2003

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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Section: Methods and Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 2 Location Of the Deployment Site (M27) And The Water mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Nepheloid Layers Made With an Autonomous Vertical Profiler

Hawley

Muzzi

2003

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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“…Casandy (1971-73) and Bennet and Simins (1979), present an understanding of the limitations and stability of these models in large scales. The presentation was done through the analytical studies upon which the later researches on the lake modeling were conducted [1,2,4,6,8,10]. These models were mostly utilized for Michigan, Ontario, Erie, lakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A three-dimensional model of water circulation and temperature structure in the Caspian Sea

Nasimi¹,

Ghiassi²

2006

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 88

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This research is based on a numerical model for forecasting the threedimensional behaviour of (sea) water motion due to the effect of the variable wind velocity. The results obtained are then analyzed and compared with observations. This model is based on the equations that overcome the current and distribution of temperature by applying the method of finite difference by assuming ∆x, ∆y as constant and ∆z as variable.The model has been evaluated according to the reports and observations. Through studying the position of the current in different layers, the velocity in the cross section in the northern, southern and the middle layers will be discussed. The results reveal the presence of the circulation cells in the three above-mentioned areas. The circulation is reduced with increase in depth. The current velocity throughout the whole fields is different. The first layer current velocity is calculated to be between 1.6 cm/s and 15 cm/s. It seems that the maximum velocity in the middle is considered by the maximum wind velocity 7m/s and wind stress (τ x = τ y = 0.07N/m 2 ). The results obtained through the numerical solution of the temperature equation have been compared with the observations. The temperature change in different layers in the cross section illustrates the relative harmony of the model mentioned.

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“…Lake circulation is largely wind driven (Boyce et al, 1989). In response to dominant W-SW winds, circulation is generally counter-clockwise.…”

Section: Temperature and Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of land use and cultural development on the Lake Ontario ecosystem since 1750

Sly¹

1991

Hydrobiologia

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Lake Ontario is the lowest in the chain of live Great Lakes which form part of the boundary between Canada and the United States. Although European exploration began as early as 1615, it was not until the mid-18th Century that permanent settlement began in the Great Lakes basin. Construction of the Erie Canal which links Buffalo with New York via the Hudson River, and its branch to Oswego, strengthened ties between settlements around the lower Great Lakes (lakes Erie and Ontario) and rapidly growing populations along the Atlantic seaboard. The coming of railroads greatly expanded these ties, and provided a direct link between Canadian settlements and the port of Montreal. Over the past 200 years, successive waves of immigrants entered the region, particularly from Europe.Cultural development has resulted in a wide range of environmental impacts throughout the Great Lakes basin. Impacts have been particularly severe in Lake Ontario. Major changes in water quality and the structure of biological communities have resulted from forest clearance, agricultural expansion, intensive fishing, industrial and urban development, and lake level control. Introductions of exotic species, inputs of nutrient and toxic contaminants, and the effects of climatic variation and modification of microclimates have all interacted such that it is often impossible to establish singular cause and effect.

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Thermal structure and circulation in the great lakes

Cited by 81 publications

References 74 publications

Observations of Nepheloid Layers Made With an Autonomous Vertical Profiler

Observations of Nepheloid Layers Made With an Autonomous Vertical Profiler

A three-dimensional model of water circulation and temperature structure in the Caspian Sea

The effects of land use and cultural development on the Lake Ontario ecosystem since 1750

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