“…For pine cone composites, a gradual increment in the flexural strength and modulus was visible at 10 wt.% of loading. A similar trend was reported by Oladele et al 68 and Hassen et al, 69 and this increment could be attributed to an increased adhesion between the reinforcements and matrix. It is clearly evident that with the increase in filler loading, the rise in modulus of pine cone-filled composites was greater than the wood apple particles-filled composites.…”
Agro-wastes have a huge potential to be utilized as lignocellulosic reinforcements in polymer composites. This will not only play an important role in waste management but will also strengthen sustainable production. In the present work, pine cones and wood apple shells were utilized as fillers along with areca sheath fibers in bio-based epoxy resin for fabricating a novel hybrid composite wherein the effect of these fillers in laminated composites has not been explored to a greater extent. The impact of reinforcing both types of fillers in different loadings (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) on various properties of composites was investigated. Physical properties like density, void fraction, mechanical properties comprising of tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and hardness along with morphology and moisture absorption behavior of composites were investigated. The mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were influenced by the structure (coarser/finer) of fillers and their chemical composition. The mechanical results for the composites revealed that incorporating wood apple shell fillers resulted in the maximum rise in tensile (23.97%), impact strength (16.81%), and interlaminar shear strength (31.64%), while the incorporation of pine cone fillers resulted in the maximum rise of flexural strength along with Young's (35.4%) and flexural modulus (32.81%). A reduction in moisture absorption was observed on the addition of both types of fillers up to a certain filler loading. The investigations demonstrated a noticeable enhancement in mechanical and physical properties of the fabricated composites on reinforcing micron size fillers.
“…For pine cone composites, a gradual increment in the flexural strength and modulus was visible at 10 wt.% of loading. A similar trend was reported by Oladele et al 68 and Hassen et al, 69 and this increment could be attributed to an increased adhesion between the reinforcements and matrix. It is clearly evident that with the increase in filler loading, the rise in modulus of pine cone-filled composites was greater than the wood apple particles-filled composites.…”
Agro-wastes have a huge potential to be utilized as lignocellulosic reinforcements in polymer composites. This will not only play an important role in waste management but will also strengthen sustainable production. In the present work, pine cones and wood apple shells were utilized as fillers along with areca sheath fibers in bio-based epoxy resin for fabricating a novel hybrid composite wherein the effect of these fillers in laminated composites has not been explored to a greater extent. The impact of reinforcing both types of fillers in different loadings (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) on various properties of composites was investigated. Physical properties like density, void fraction, mechanical properties comprising of tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and hardness along with morphology and moisture absorption behavior of composites were investigated. The mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were influenced by the structure (coarser/finer) of fillers and their chemical composition. The mechanical results for the composites revealed that incorporating wood apple shell fillers resulted in the maximum rise in tensile (23.97%), impact strength (16.81%), and interlaminar shear strength (31.64%), while the incorporation of pine cone fillers resulted in the maximum rise of flexural strength along with Young's (35.4%) and flexural modulus (32.81%). A reduction in moisture absorption was observed on the addition of both types of fillers up to a certain filler loading. The investigations demonstrated a noticeable enhancement in mechanical and physical properties of the fabricated composites on reinforcing micron size fillers.
“…According to Agbeboh et al (2020), 8 the usage of polymer composites in bioengineering heavily depends on the dispersion of water in those materials. In their study on thermal stability, moisture uptake potentials, and mechanical properties of modified plant-based cellulosic fiber-animal wastes hybrid reinforced epoxy composites, Oladele et al (2022b) 38 noted that the diffusion of water in polymer will adhere to Fick’s law (J), which determines the amount of substance that will flow through a unit area in a given time.Figure 8.Variation of water absorption properties of eggshell-based and snail-shell-based HAp-reinforced epoxy composites and control sample.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cleaned shells were first oven dried for 24 h, and thereafter carry out a three-stage calcination treatment at 55 0 o C, 700 o C, and 1000 o C, respectively. The shells were heated to 550°C and held for 2 h followed by heating to 700°C and held for an additional 2 h. A slower heating rate of 4°C/min was used to raise the temperature to 1000°C which was used at the final step of the calcination process in accordance with Oladele et al (2022). The calcined samples were separately dispersed in beakers containing 100 mL of distilled water and orthophosphoric acid and were subjected to vigorous stirring under a mechanical stirrer on a hot plate at 90°C.…”
Environmental issues have geared the interest of researchers toward the use of naturally occurring materials for various applications in recent times. Hydroxyapatite particles (HAp) for biomedical applications were synthesized from egg and snail shells and used for the fabrication of bio-composites in this research. The shells were prepared by thoroughly cleaning before subjecting to calcination as well as wet-chemical precipitation treatment to obtain 50 µ sized hydroxyapatite particles that were used for the development of the bio-composites. The composites were fabricated with an open mold stir casting technique after mixing the constituents in predetermined proportions. Mechanical, wear, and physical properties evaluations were carried out on the composites and control samples while the images of the fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. It was revealed from the results that the addition of hydroxyapatite to epoxy improved the properties of the composite where most of the optimal values emerged from 15 wt% HAp-reinforced samples. It was discovered that snail shell HAp-based composites had superior enhancements than the eggshell HAp-based composites which showed that the source of the animal shell influences the characteristics of the ensuing properties. Flexural strength and modulus were 63.95 and 774.64 MPa, respectively; hardness was 40.25 HS, wear index was 0.07, and thermal conductivity was 0.545 W/mK for the snail shell HAp-based composites. Hence, synthesized HAp from snail shells is more structurally stable than eggshell-based and can be used for biomedical applications.
“…In recent years, multiple efforts have been made to produce new, creative, and environmentally friendly materials for diverse purposes due to increasing ecological and environmental consciousness [ 1 ]. Natural fibers are being investigated as reinforcements in polymer composites due to the expensive cost of synthetic fibers and their dangerous environmental impact.…”
Modern day industries are highly focused on the development of bio-inspired hybrid natural fiber composites for lightweight biosensor chips, automobile, and microfluidic applications. In the present research, the mechanical properties and morphological characteristics of alkaline (NaOH)-treated hemp, flax, noil hemp, and noil flax fiber-reinforced ecopoxy biocomposites were investigated. The samples were fabricated by employing the hand layup technique followed by the compression molding process. A total of two sets of composites with various weight fractions were fabricated. The samples were tested for mechanical properties such as flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength, moisture absorption, and contact angle measurement. The treated fibers were analyzed by using an optical microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The morphological characteristics, such as porosity and fracture mechanisms, were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and SEM−EDX spectroscopy. The results revealed that the flexural properties of hybrid composites vary from 22.62 MPa to 30.04 MPa for hemp and flax fibers and 21.86 MPa to 24.70 MPa for noil fibers, whereas in individual fiber composites, the strength varies from 17.11 MPa to 21.54 MPa for hemp and flax fibers and 15.83 MPa to 18.79 MPa for noil fibers. A similar trend was observed in interlaminar shear properties in both cases. From moisture analysis, the rate of absorption is increased with time up to 144 h and remains constant in both cases. The moisture gain was observed more in individual composites than hybrid composites in both cases. Hence, the impact of hybridization was observed clearly in both cases. Also, hybrid composites showed improved properties compared to individual fiber composites.
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