Thermal properties of saturated water and steam

Osborne, N.S.; Stimson, H.F.; Ginnings, D.C.

doi:10.6028/jres.023.009

Cited by 117 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…There is no reliable data for temperatures under 300 K. The coefficients based on the Osborne [6] calorimetric measurement have an unacceptably height uncertainty in this region. In the region from 300 K to 350 K there are only the measurements by Osborn [6] and by McGlashan and Wormald [23] available. Based on the uncertainty of the measurements, the latter is preferred for fitting the new formulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three special calorimetric properties were measured by Osborne et al [5] and [6] from the triple to the critical points. A special calorimetric property γ can be used to calculate the saturated density with the Clapeyron equation…”

Section: Calorimetric Property Of Vaporizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But after the setting the coefficients regression the weighted linear regression can be used to refitting the regression and to determined covariance matrix of regression coefficients (equations (4) - (7)). According to [11] the original regression is based on measurements of [5], [6], [8], [1], [2] and [3] and uncertainty of measurement to determine the weight was published also in [11].…”

Section: Appendicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re-evaluation of experimental data on the second virial coefficient for steam and development of its analytical representation as a function of the internal energy

Duška

Hrubý

2013

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A re-evaluation of the second virial coefficient of steam is presented in the paper. The work is a part of broader effort to develop a formulation of the properties of dry and metastable steam suitable for CFD computations. The re-evaluation follows up previous work by Harvey and Lemmon [1], however with a special care for the lower temperature region close to the triple point and including more experimental data. The second virial coefficient was evaluated from volumetric (pvT) data, calorimetric measurements for saturated vapor, steam expansion experiments (measurements of the Joule-Thomson coefficient and the isothermal throttling coefficient) and measurements of the speed of sound. To accurately evaluate the uncertainty of calorimetric measurements, the uncertainty of the temperature derivative of the saturation pressure was determined based on refitting of the IAPWS saturation pressure formula to the experimental data. In the second step, the evaluated data and their uncertainties were used to develop an analytical formula to compute the second virial coefficient as function of internal energy in a range corresponding to the ideal-gas temperatures from 273.16 K to 1073.15 K. The choice of internal energy and density as independent variables is required for the CFD computations to avoid time-consuming iterations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calorimetric Property Of Vaporizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re-evaluation of experimental data on the second virial coefficient for steam and development of its analytical representation as a function of the internal energy

Duška

Hrubý

2013

EPJ Web of Conferences

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“…4 Taken from Hilsenrath et al (1955). 5 The surface heat capacity c sfc p is a combination of the heat capacities of 2/3 of water (4180 J kg −1 K −1 , Osborne et al, 1939) and 1/3 of soils (720 J kg −1 K −1 out of a range of 625-1045 J/kg/K; Bowers and Hanks , 1962). 6 Scale assumption for this work.…”

Section: A Very Simple Climate Model As a Test Bedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new method to diagnose the contribution of anthropogenic activities to temperature: temperature tagging

Grewe

2013

Geosci. Model Dev.

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Abstract. This study presents a new methodology, called temperature tagging. It keeps track of the contributions of individual processes to temperature within a climate model simulation. As a first step and as a test bed, a simple box climate model is regarded. The model consists of an atmosphere, which absorbs and emits radiation, and of a surface, which reflects, absorbs and emits radiation. The tagging methodology is used to investigate the impact of the atmosphere on surface temperature. Four processes are investigated in more detail and their contribution to the surface temperature quantified: (i) shortwave influx and shortwave atmospheric absorption ("sw"), (ii) longwave atmospheric absorption due to non-CO 2 greenhouse gases ("nC"), (iii) due to a base case CO 2 concentration ("bC"), and (iv) due to an enhanced CO 2 concentration ("eC"). The differential equation for the temperature in the box climate model is decomposed into four equations for the tagged temperatures. This method is applied to investigate the contribution of longwave absorption to the surface temperature (greenhouse effect), which is calculated to be 68 K. This estimate contrasts an alternative calculation of the greenhouse effect of slightly more than 30 K based on the difference of the surface temperature with and without an atmosphere. The difference of the two estimates is due to a shortwave cooling effect and a reduced contribution of the shortwave to the total downward flux: the shortwave absorption of the atmosphere results in a reduced net shortwave flux at the surface of 192 W m −2 , leading to a cooling of the surface by 14 K. Introducing an atmosphere results in a downward longwave flux at the surface due to atmospheric absorption of 189 W m −2 , which roughly equals the net shortwave flux of 192 W m −2 . This longwave flux is a result of both the radiation due to atmospheric temperatures and its longwave absorption. Hence the longwave absorption roughly accounts for 91 W m −2 out of a total of 381 W m −2 (roughly 25 %) and therefore accounts for a temperature change of 68 K. In a second experiment, the CO 2 concentration is doubled, which leads to an increase in surface temperature of 1.2 K, resulting from a temperature increase due to CO 2 of 1.9 K, due to non-CO 2 greenhouse gases of 0.6 K and a cooling of 1.3 K due to a reduced importance of the solar heating for the surface and atmospheric temperatures. These two experiments show the feasibility of temperature tagging and its potential as a diagnostic for climate simulations.

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“…In all, three sets of measurements were made at 25° C. Generally, 3 days were required to complete the series of measurements. The emf data were corrected for the vapor pressure of water [18] and to 1 atmosphere of hydrogen [19]. Cells whose initial and final emf values at 25° C differed by more than 0.15 mv (0.0025 pH unit) were rejected as unsatisfactory.…”

Section: Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionization constant of boric acid and the pH of certain borax-chloride buffer solutions from 0 degrees to 60 degrees C

Manov¹,

DeLollis²,

Acree³

1944

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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The ionization constant of boric acid was determined by the use of the electromotive force of cells without liquid junctions. Hydrogen and silver-silverchloride electrodes were immersed in borax-sodium chloride solutions. To reduce tbe possibility of formation of polyborates, dilute solutions were used. The emf were measured at 5-degree intervals over the temperature range 0° to 60° C.The negative common logarithm of the ionization constant (pK) of boric acid over the temperature range 0° to 60° C may be represented by the equation pK=2237.94/T+0.016883T-3.305,where T is the absolute temperature.The data indicate that the mean s.ctivity coefficients of the ions of sodium chloride and of sodium borate do not differ appreciably. The pH values for the solutions studied and for rounded values of the concentration are tabulated as functions of temperature and ionic strength. These solutions, which range in pH values from 8.934 to 9.465, can be used as standards in the calibration of glass-calomel and other electrometric pH equipment.A discussion is given of the significance of the quantity a i (commonly called the "distance of closest approach" of the ions) and its importance in the calculation of pH value~, especially when the buffer ion is not univalent.The changes in free energy, beat content, entropy, and beat capacity that accompany the ionization of 1 mole of boric acid are listed. CONTENTS Page

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Thermal properties of saturated water and steam

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Re-evaluation of experimental data on the second virial coefficient for steam and development of its analytical representation as a function of the internal energy

Re-evaluation of experimental data on the second virial coefficient for steam and development of its analytical representation as a function of the internal energy

A new method to diagnose the contribution of anthropogenic activities to temperature: temperature tagging

Ionization constant of boric acid and the pH of certain borax-chloride buffer solutions from 0 degrees to 60 degrees C

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