Thermal plasma process development in Norway

Bakken, Jon Arne; Jensen, Roar; Monsen, Bjarne; Raaness, O.; Wærnes, Aud N.

doi:10.1351/pac199870061223

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Several investigations have been done on the electrical resistivity of both dry coke beds, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] charge mixes, [6,9,10,13,[15][16][17]19] and of the related slags. [6,[20][21][22] These investigations have been valuable in understanding how the bulk resistivity of the coke bed is affected by various factors such as the temperature, type of carbonaceous material, and particle size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Contact Resistance on Bulk Resistivity of Dry Coke Beds

Eidem

Runde

Tangstad

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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Measurements show that bulk resistivity of dry coke beds decreases with increasing particle size. A further development of a coke bed model is proposed to explain this correlation. By image analysis, it has been determined that the total porosity increases with increasing particle size. An increased total porosity of the particles decreases the mechanical strength of the particles. In the modeling work, the strength of the coke particles is introduced through Young's modulus. By the use of discrete element method (DEM) modeling of a dry coke bed, the particle-to-particle contact area variation with varying particle size and particle strength has been introduced into a model of the dry coke bed. This was done by the introduction of the concept of the Holm's radius, known from metal contact theory for describing how the contact resistance is affected by the material resistivity and the contact area. By assuming a decrease in the particle strength due to increased porosity of the coke particles with increasing particle size, the calculated bulk resistivity for 7.3-mm particles with a Young's modulus of 1.0 GPa is 5.24AE10 À3 Xm and 3.44AE10 À3 Xm for the 20-mm particles with a Young's modulus of 0.1 GPa. By comparison, the measured bulk resistivity of the Corus coke is 4.67 ± 0.30AE10 À3 Xm for the 5-to 10-mm fraction and 3.71 ± 0.45AE10 À3 Xm for the 15-to 20-mm fraction. The measured contact resistance of Swedish Steel AB (SSAB) coke decreases with increasing contact area size from a contact diameter of 5 mm to a contact diameter of 30 mm. This is probably due to an increasing number of electrical contact spots. When two spheres are in contact, the measured contact resistance is lower compared to the 5-mm-diameter contact, which indicates that the increased contact pressure has lowered the contact resistance. This supports the modeling results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Contact Resistance on Bulk Resistivity of Dry Coke Beds

Eidem

Runde

Tangstad

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…The process was based on a specially designed version of plasma torch with coaxial graphite electrodes [53,54]. The advantages of this process include yields of high thermal efficiency (>90%) and purity of hydrogen (98%); however, it is an electrical-energy-intensive process consuming more than 1 kWh per m 3 -H 2 due to a high reaction temperature [55].…”

Section: Torch Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma‐Based Production of Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons

Aitani

Ahmed

Al‐Muhaish

2016

Hydrogen Science and Engineering : Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology

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“…The Kvaerner process adopts a coaxial graphite electrode for the generation of thermal plasma ( Figure 12.11) (Bakken, Jensen, Monsen, Raaness, & Waernes, 1998). The arc can become focused spatially during arc generation; to prevent this, a magnet coil is used.…”

Section: Kvaerner Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rotation of the arc also minimizes the electrode erosion. The reported electrode erosion rate is around 0.1 g/kWh (Bakken et al, 1998).…”

Section: Kvaerner Processmentioning

confidence: 99%