Thermal, Morphological, and Mechanical Properties of Regular and Waxy Maize Starch Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)

Almeida, Vanessa Soltes de; Barretti, Bárbara Ruivo Válio; Ito, Vivian Cristina; Malucelli, Lucca Centa; Filho, Marco Aurélio da Silva Carvalho; Demiate, Ivo Mottin; Pinheiro, Luís Antônio; Lacerda, Luíz Gustavo

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0576

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This result may be ascribed to the strong plasticizing action of octenyl succinic groups on amylopectin chains. Usually, films obtained from glycerol-plasticized unmodified waxy maize starch exhibit several times lower E [ 23 ] and tens of times greater stiffness [ 24 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Properties and Storage Stability of Astaxanthin-Loaded Polysaccharide/Gelatin Blend Films—A Comparative Study

2022

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Edible films were obtained from the aqueous binary 75/25 blends of polysaccharides (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gum Arabic (GAR), octenyl succinic anhydride starch (OSA), and water-soluble soy polysaccharides (WSSP)) and gelatin (GEL) supplemented with increasing concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w) of water-soluble AstaSana (AST) astaxanthin. The AST-loaded films were red and exhibited a grainy microstructure and reduced transparency. The CMC- and WSSP-based films were the best UV-C blockers. After the incorporation of 1% AST, the antiradical activity of the films increased by 1.5 times (~25 percentage points) compared to the controls. The tensile strength (TS) of the CMC-containing films was much higher than those of the other films (36.88–43.04 vs. 2.69–15.62 MPa). AST decreased the TS of the CMC/GEL film (by ~11–14%) but improved the mechanical cohesiveness of the GAR/GEL film (by ~50%). The storage test (at 25 °C and 60 °C, no light access) revealed that the CMC- and GAR-based films exhibited the lowest colour change. Furthermore, at the elevated temperature, the films with higher AST concentration exhibited a better ability to maintain their colour. The WSSP/GEL films were the most prone to darkening and yellowing, possibly due to the Maillard reaction. Moreover, these films had the weakest antiradical activity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Properties and Storage Stability of Astaxanthin-Loaded Polysaccharide/Gelatin Blend Films—A Comparative Study

2022

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“…There was no significant difference observed before and after incorporating CNC or CNF into the AM matrix (p > 0.05) (Figure 2a). This consistency can be attributed to precise control over the dry mass content per unit area during the casting process [32].…”

Section: Thickness and Moisturementioning

confidence: 86%

A Comparison of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers as Reinforcements to Amylose-Based Composite Bioplastics

Faisal,

Žmirić,

Kim

et al. 2023

Coatings

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Starch-based bioplastics offer a promising alternative to conventional plastics. However, they exhibit certain limitations, notably in terms of mechanical strength and barrier properties. These challenges could potentially be addressed through the incorporation of nanocellulose as a reinforcing agent. In this study, we fabricated bioplastic films using a casting and blending approach, employing highly linear pure amylose (AM) in combination with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) at various ratios. This allowed for a direct comparison of CNF and CNC functionality within the AM matrix. We systematically assessed mechanical properties and water barrier characteristics, encompassing parameters such as water permeability, moisture content, swelling, solubility, crystallinity, thermal stability, transmittance, and opacity. Additionally, we investigated water vapor and oxygen permeability. Furthermore, we delved into distinctions between CNC and CNF biocomposites. Incorporation of either type of nanocellulose yielded enhancements in film properties, with CNF exerting a more pronounced positive influence compared to CNC. Particularly noteworthy were the mechanical properties, wherein CNF composite films demonstrated markedly higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared to their CNC counterparts. For instance, the inclusion of 1% CNF led to a substantial increase in AM tensile strength from 66.1 MPa to 144.8 MPa. Conversely, water vapor permeability exhibited a converse behavior, as the addition of 1% CNF resulted in a significant reduction of water barrier properties from 8.7 to 1.32 g mm m−2 24 h−1kPa−1. Intriguingly, CNC films displayed greater elongation at the point of rupture in comparison to CNF films. This can be attributed to the larger surface area of the CNC and the favorable interfacial interaction between AM and CNC. Notably, the introduction of nanocellulose led to reduced film opacity and improved thermal stability. In summary, nanocellulose interacted synergistically with the AM matrix, establishing a robust hydrogen-bonded network that greatly enhanced the performance of the biocomposite films.

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“…Furthermore, De Almeida et al [ 253 ] performed a study on thermal, physical, and mechanical behaviors of regular and waxy corn starch films reinforced with eucalyptus NFC filler. The moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were significantly reduced by the presence of NFC filler for both regular and waxy starch films.…”

Section: Nanocellulose Reinforcing Biopolymer Compositementioning

confidence: 99%

Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review

et al. 2021

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The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.

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Thermal, Morphological, and Mechanical Properties of Regular and Waxy Maize Starch Films Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)

Cited by 25 publications

References 43 publications

Functional Properties and Storage Stability of Astaxanthin-Loaded Polysaccharide/Gelatin Blend Films—A Comparative Study

Functional Properties and Storage Stability of Astaxanthin-Loaded Polysaccharide/Gelatin Blend Films—A Comparative Study

A Comparison of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibers as Reinforcements to Amylose-Based Composite Bioplastics

Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review

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