Thermal Load Minimization of the Frequency Domain Multiplexed Readout for the Athenar X-IFU Instrument

A Review of X-ray Microcalorimeters Based on Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors for Astrophysics and Particle Physics

“…FDM makes as well better use of the available bandwidth with respect to the other traditional scheme. Moreover, in an instrument like X-IFU for example, tens of pixels can be readout with a single SQUID amplifier, without the need of more dynamic range than for the readout of a single pixel [145]. The details of the MHz-FDM system for a X-IFU-like instrument, using for each channel a two-stage SQUID amplifier developed at VTT [146], can be found in [12].…”

“…As a matter of fact, the current implementation of the current MHz-FDM is far from optimal and increasing the the bandwidth to 6 MHz appears to be feasible. Many new ideas have still to be implemented to efficiently use, for example, the limited resources available for space-borne instrumentations [145,150,151].…”