Thermal Injury Kinetics in Electrical Trauma

Tropea, Bradford I.; Lee, Raphael C.

doi:10.1115/1.2891378

Cited by 98 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Temperature and exposure time determine to a great extent of the severity of skin burns [46]. From pathologic examination a reciprocal relationship between temperature and exposure time was found and modelled successfully using an Arrhenius equation by Tropea and Lee [46].…”

Section: The Role Of Skin Friction In Comfort Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin tribology: Science friction?

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The application of tribological knowledge is not just restricted to optimizing mechanical and chemical engineering problems. In fact, effective solutions to friction and wear related questions can be found in our everyday life. An important part is related to skin tribology, as the human skin is frequently one of the interacting surfaces in relative motion. People seem to solve these problems related to skin friction based upon a trial-anderror strategy and based upon on our sense for touch. The question of course rises whether or not a trained tribologist would make different choices based upon a science based strategy? In other words: Is skin friction part of the larger knowledge base that has been generated during the last decades by tribology research groups and which could be referred to as Science Friction? This paper discusses the specific nature of tribological systems that include the human skin and argues that the living nature of skin limits the use of conventional methods. Skin tribology requires in vivo, subject and anatomical location specific test methods. Current predictive friction models can only partially be applied to predict in vivo skin friction. The reason for this is found in limited understanding of the contact mechanics at the asperity level of product-skin interactions. A recently developed model gives the building blocks for enhanced understanding of friction at the micro scale. Only largely simplified power law based equations are currently available as general engineering tools. Finally, the need for friction control is illustrated by elaborating on the role of skin friction on discomfort and comfort. Surface texturing and polymer brush coatings are promising directions as they provide way and means to tailor friction in sliding contacts without the need of major changes to the product.Keywords: friction; bio-tribology; skin; soft tissue; surface texture; brush coatings Skin friction in daily lifeThe application of tribological knowledge, i.e., knowledge on the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion, is not restricted to optimizing mechanical and chemical engineering problems. In fact, effective solutions to tribology related questions are evident in our everyday life, as illustrated in fascinating examples described by D. Dowson's "A tribological day" [1]. An important part of the effective solutions in daily life situations is related to skin tribology, as the human skin is frequently one of the interacting surfaces in relative motion. These questions are typically related to optimizing friction and lubrication problems in skin-product interactions, rather than to optimising wear. Take for example the swimming pool or bathroom where material selection and application of anti-slip coatings prevent us from falling when the floor gets wet. Yet, if such coatings do not sufficiently increase friction, one will optimize the tribological system, e.g., by pressing our full foot to the floor and subsequently increasing the true area of contact or by chan...

show abstract

Section: The Role Of Skin Friction In Comfort Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin tribology: Science friction?

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…where the different values for (material density), c (heat capacity), k (thermal conductivity), w (perfusion by blood), and Q m (heat generated by metabolism) for several different tissues were acquired from the literature (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The values used in these calculations are given in Table 1, unless otherwise specified.…”

Section: Calculation Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and SAR calculations for a human head within volume and surface coils at 64 and 300 MHz

Collins¹,

Liu²,

Wang³

et al. 2004

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

254

242

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: To examine relationships between specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions in the human head during radio frequency energy deposition in MRI. Materials and Methods:A multi-tissue numerical model of the head was developed that considered thermal conductivity, heat capacity, perfusion, heat of metabolism, electrical properties, and density. Calculations of SAR and the resulting temperature increase were performed for different coils at different frequencies.Results: Because of tissue-dependant perfusion rates and thermal conduction, there is not a good overall spatial correlation between SAR and temperature increase. When a volume coil is driven to induce a head average SAR level of either 3.0 or 3.2 W/kg, it is unlikely that a significant temperature increase in the brain will occur due to its high rate of perfusion, although limits on SAR in any 1 g of tissue in the head may be exceeded. Conclusion:Attempts to ensure RF safety in MRI often rely on assumptions about local temperature from local SAR levels. The relationship between local SAR and local temperature is not, however, straightforward. In cases where high SAR levels are required due to pulse sequence demands, calculations of temperature may be preferable to calculations of SAR because of the more direct relationship between temperature and safety.

show abstract

“…The potential health risk of electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones (MP) is of considerable public interest. Exposition to high-power RF energy may have negative thermic effects on living organisms and cause cataracts, skin burns, miscarriages or birth defects [1][2][3][4][5] . Such negative effects have never been demonstrated at the power levels associated with public exposure to RF energy emitted by mobile phone base station antennae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Call with a Mobile Phone on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Healthy Volunteers

Andrzejak

Poręba

et al. 2008

Ind Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is possible that electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by mobile phones (MP) may have an influence on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and modulates the function of circulatory system. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of the call with a mobile phone on heart rate variability (HRV) in young healthy people. The time and frequency domain HRV analyses were performed to assess the changes in sympathovagal balance in a group of 32 healthy students with normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram at rest. The frequency domain variables were computed: ultra low frequency (ULF) power, very low frequency ( The tone of the parasympathetic system measured indirectly by analysis of heart rate variability was increased while sympathetic tone was lowered during the call with use of a mobile phone. It was shown that the call with a mobile phone may change the autonomic balance in healthy subjects. Changes in heart rate variability during the call with a mobile phone could be affected by electromagnetic field but the influence of speaking cannot be excluded.

show abstract

Thermal Injury Kinetics in Electrical Trauma

Cited by 98 publications

References 0 publications

Skin tribology: Science friction?

Skin tribology: Science friction?

Temperature and SAR calculations for a human head within volume and surface coils at 64 and 300 MHz

The Influence of the Call with a Mobile Phone on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Healthy Volunteers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About