Thermal Initiation of Explosives

Zinn, J.; Mader, Charles L.

doi:10.1063/1.1735565

Cited by 136 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…(12) and (13) and the 2-NT data for equation (11). Of the three reactions in the gas phase, equation (12) has the fastest rate up to 950"C. At this temperature equation (11) becomes the fastest reaction.…”

Section: C-no 2 Homolysismentioning

confidence: 91%

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Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

Brill¹,

James²

1993

Chem. Rev.

380

337

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Section: C-no 2 Homolysismentioning

confidence: 91%

“…•N0 2 (11) unimolecular bond scission and produces a positive entropy of activation. Using Maksimov's data (Reference 96) AS# is about 20 cal/deg for 3-NT and 14.5 cal/deg for 4-NT.…”

Section: C-no 2 Homolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

Brill¹,

James²

1993

Chem. Rev.

380

337

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“…When the explosive is heated, the internal temperature T is described by the heat conduction equation with a source term produced by the chemical reactions [1][2][3][4][5]: (1.1)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initiation of HE surrounded by walls with fixed temperature T is a wellknown problem [1][2][3]. Below some critical temperature T c , the volume heat production is compensated by the thermal flux through the walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Initiation of High Explosives by Laser Radiation

Rubenchik

2007

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The problem of laser initiation of high explosives in munitions is considered. In this situation, the laser illuminates a small spot on the casing, and lateral thermal transport affects the initiation temperature. We use a variational method to calculate the critical temperature for explosive initiation as a function the laser spot size, for common high explosives. The effect of the dwelling time of the irradiation is then evaluated. We demonstrate that in typical situations the critical temperature is determined by the dwelling time rather than by the laser spot size.

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Electrostatic Discharge Ignition of Energetic Materials

Skinner

Olson

Block-Bolten

1998

Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics

109

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Electrostatic discharge (ESD) ignition of explosives, pyrotechnics, or propellants is often considered to be mainly dependent upon various physical characteristics of the energetic material. This work shows that ESD ignition of secondary explosives tested in powdered form is primarily dependent upon the chemical characteristics of the energetic material (i.e., the decomposition rate kinetics of the materials). We propose that ignition occurs when a spark raises the temperature of the explosive particles to the point where thermal runaway occurs. ESD sensitivities of a diverse series of explosives were measured using a traveling needle test apparatus with the powders slightly con®ned by Mylar tape to prevent formation and ignition of a dust cloud.Using global thermal decomposition rate coef®cient expressions, two parameters were calculated for each explosive: (1) the critical temperatures according to the Frank-Kamenetskii formula for 20 mm particles of each explosive and (2) the temperatures at which the rate coef®cient equaled 10 3 s À1 . These two sets of data were correlated with the observed ESD sensitivities for 50 percent probability of ignition, E 50 . Excellent correlations resulted, indicating that for ESD ignition under these conditions the spark discharge is primarily a thermal source.

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Thermal Initiation of Explosives

Cited by 136 publications

References 8 publications

Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

Kinetics and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of nitroaromatic explosives

On the Initiation of High Explosives by Laser Radiation

Electrostatic Discharge Ignition of Energetic Materials

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