Thermal Inactivation of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus in Experimentally Contaminated Food

Barnaud, Elodie; Rogée, Sophie; Garry, Pascal; Rose, Nicolas; Pavio, Nicole

doi:10.1128/aem.00436-12

Cited by 205 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Analyses were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions except that 10 μL of sera were used. 30 Samples were considered positive when the OD450 value of the sample was superior to the cutoff value (cutoff = mean of the negative control + 0.300).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E in Humans and Pigs and Evidence of Genotype-3 Virus in Swine, Madagascar

Temmam¹,

Besnard²,

Andriamandimby³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an orofecal disease transmitted through poor hygiene environments, contaminated food (mainly pork products), or by contacts with infected animals. Very little data are currently available regarding the disease in the Southwestern Indian Ocean Islands. We report the first sero-and viro-survey for HEV in human and swine in Madagascar. A seroprevalence rate of 14.1% (60 of 427) was measured in slaughterhouse workers. Seroprevalence to HEV in pigs was estimated to 71.2% (178 of 250), strongly suggesting the existence of a zoonotic cycle. Three out of 250 pig livers (1.2%) tested HEV RNA-positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analyses based on 1-kb sequences of the ORF 2-3 identified these viruses as HEV genotype 3. Sequences clustered in a distinct Malagasy sub-clade, possibly representative of a new sub-genotype, for which the date of emergence was estimated around 1989. Further studies are needed to confirm other transmission routes of HEV to humans, especially through non-zoonotic cycles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E in Humans and Pigs and Evidence of Genotype-3 Virus in Swine, Madagascar

Temmam¹,

Besnard²,

Andriamandimby³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The assessment of HEV stability was hampered in the past by the lack of convenient systems for measuring HEV infectivity. Inoculation experiments with heat-treated HEV-containing material into susceptible animals provided important data in the past (14,19). However, animal experiments are expensive, difficult to perform, and ethically problematic, thus limiting those experiments to a very limited number of temperature-time combinations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitivity of HEV to short-term heating was investigated previously using capsid integrity assays (15), cell culture assays (22,23,24), and animal inoculation experiments (14,19). Again, the capsid integrity assay indicated much higher heat resistance than that with the other systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the recent development of novel cell culture techniques (11) and the isolation of more efficiently replicating HEV strains (12,13) may overcome these problems. Other approaches, such as seroconversion after experimental inoculation of pigs for an assessment of infectivity (14) or capsid integrity assays as proxies for infectivity (15) after heat treatment of HEV, have been considered.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Thermal Stability of Hepatitis E Virus as Estimated by a Cell Culture Method

Johne

Trojnar

Filter

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an increasingly recognized zoonotic pathogen. Transmission is suspected to occur from infected pigs or wild boars to humans through direct contact, environmental pathways, or contaminated food. However, the physical and chemical stability of HEV is largely unknown, because suitable cell culture methods for infectivity measurement are missing. Here, we developed a titration method using infection of the cell line A549/D3 with HEV genotype 3 strain 47832c and subsequent counting of focus-forming units by immunofluorescence, which allowed HEV infectivity measurements within a 4-logdilution range. Long-term storage of HEV in cell culture medium at different temperatures indicated a phase of rapid virus inactivation, followed by a slower progression of virus inactivation. Infective HEV was detected up to 21 days at 37°C, up to 28 days at room temperature, and until the end of the experiment (56 days) with a 2.7-log decrease of infectious virus at 4°C. Heat treatment for 1 min resulted in moderate decreases of infectivity up to 60°C, 2-to 3.5-log decreases between 65°C and 75°C, and no remaining virus was detected at temperatures of >80°C. Heating for 70°C resulted in a 3.6-log decrease after 1.5 min and the absence of detectable virus (>3.9-log decrease) after 2 min. The data were used to calculate predictive heat inactivation models for HEV. The results may help estimate HEV stability in the environment or food. The established method may be used to study other aspects of HEV stability in the future. IMPORTANCEIn this study, a cell culture method was developed which allows the measurement of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infectivity. Using this system, the stability of HEV at different time-temperature combinations was assessed, and a predictive model was established. The obtained data may help estimate HEV stability in the environment or food, thus enabling an assessment of the relative risks of HEV infection through distinct routes and by distinct types of food in the future. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide (1). Large outbreaks of hepatitis E have been repeatedly described from developing countries in Asia and Africa, e.g., in Nellore, India, with an estimated 23,915 affected persons and an estimated 314 deaths in 2008 (2). In industrial countries, mainly sporadic cases of acute hepatitis E are recognized (3). The numbers of notified hepatitis E cases have significantly increased in several European countries during the last few years (4, 5). In addition, chronic HEV infections in immunocompromised transplant patients constitute an emerging problem (6).There are many different possible transmission pathways of HEV. HEV genotypes 1 and 2 exclusively infect humans and are mainly transmitted by contaminated drinking water (1). In contrast, HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic viruses infecting humans and several animal species, like pigs, wild boars, deer, and rabbits (7). Direct transmission by contact with infected animals and foodborne transmis...

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“…Also, maintaining good hand hygiene practices after using the restroom, and eschewing ice cubes is another preventative measure. HEV is thermally stable after heating to 56 0 C for one hour; nevertheless, HEV can be inactivated when heated to 71 0 C for twenty minutes [45], hence avoiding the consumption of uncooked meats, as well as the ingestion of raw pork and venison to decrease the possibility of an infection from HEV3. Another issue is blood donation in immunocompromised patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E – A new era in understanding

Krzowska-Firych

Lucas²,

Lucas³

et al. 2018

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Hepatitis E virus [HEV], the last of the five hepatotropic viruses to be discovered, was originally considered to cause an acute, travel-associated self-limiting illness restricted to humans; however, new research shows that there are animal reservoirs and zoonotic transmission. Additionally, HEV is now considered as a major health burden worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, the topic of hepatitis E is of re-emerging importance, having brought to light important questions such as the transmission of HEV, especially in developed countries, as well as treatment and vaccination options. HEV belongs to the genus Hepevirus in the Hepeviridae family. The HEV genome sequence is relatively stable; however, there is a diversity of genotypes which are helpful in comprehending the epidemiological phenomena. HEV is classified based on the nucleotide sequences of the genome and is now characterised as a single serotype with four major genotypes . Hepatitis E cases are not clinically distinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis, although diagnosis can be strongly suspected in certain epidemiological settings. It is imperative to raise awareness among physicians about the importance of HEV, with the aim of helping recognise, prevent and treat HEV infections. This review article highlights the current developments of HEV in microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and prophylaxis.

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Thermal Inactivation of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus in Experimentally Contaminated Food

Cited by 205 publications

References 27 publications

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E in Humans and Pigs and Evidence of Genotype-3 Virus in Swine, Madagascar

High Prevalence of Hepatitis E in Humans and Pigs and Evidence of Genotype-3 Virus in Swine, Madagascar

Thermal Stability of Hepatitis E Virus as Estimated by a Cell Culture Method

Hepatitis E – A new era in understanding

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