Thermal imaging of dust hiding the black hole in NGC 1068

Rosas, V. Gámez; Isbell, J. W.; Jaffe, W.; Petrov, R.; Leftley, James; Hofmann, K.-H.; Millour, F.; Burtscher, L.; Meisenheimer, K.; Meilland, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; López, B.; Lagarde, S.; Weigelt, G.; Bério, Philippe; Allouche, F.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Cruzalèbes, P.; Bettonvil, Felix; Henning, Thomas; Augereau, Jean-Charles; Antonelli, P.; Beckmann, U.; Boekel, R. van; Bendjoya, Philippe; Danchi, W. C.; Dominik, C.; Drevon, J.; Gallimore, J. F.; Graser, U.; Heininger, M.; Hocdé, V.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hron, J.; Impellizzeri, Caterina M. V.; Klarmann, L.; Кокоулина, Е. С.; Labadie, Lucas; Lehmitz, Michael; Matter, A.; Paladini, C.; Pantin, E.; Pott, Jörg‐Uwe; Schertl, D.; Soulain, A.; Stee, Philippe; Tristram, K.; Varga, J.; Woillez, J.; Wolf, Sebastian; Yoffe, G.; Zins, G.

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04311-7

Cited by 53 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…where M dust is the dust mass, T dust is the dust temperature, κν is the dust emissivity (∼ κ352GHz × (ν [GHz]/352) β with κ352GHz = 0.09m 2 kg −1 ), β is the emissivity index, and DL is the luminosity distance. We note that the infrared interferometer, GRAVITY, has revealed the existence of hot dust near the black hole (GRAVITY Collaboration et al 2020;Gámez Rosas et al 2022). However, this hot dust does not contribute to the ALMA high-frequency observation.…”

Section: Multiple Componentsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…One possible radiation mechanism to explain the centimeter/submillimeter spectrum (figure 1) by a single flatspectrum component (see also Gámez Rosas et al 2022) assuming that flux rise/fall in > 10 GHz is due to beamsize effects is free-free emission and self-absorption. The specific luminosity regarding free-free emissions at frequency ν is…”

Section: Single Component (Free-free)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

Michiyama,

Inoue,

Doi

2023

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

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We analyze all the available Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array archival data for the nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, including new 100 GHz data with an angular resolution of 005, which was not included in previous continuum spectral analyses. By combining with the literature data based on the Very Large Array, we investigate the broad-band radio continuum spectrum of the central ≲7 pc region of NGC 1068. We find that the flux density is between ≈10 and 20 mJy at 5–700 GHz. Due to the inability of the model in previous studies to account for the newly added 100 GHz data point, we proceeded to update the models and make the necessary adjustments to the parameters. One possible interpretation of this broad-band radio spectrum is a combination of emission from the jet base, the dusty torus, and the compact X-raying corona with a magnetic field strength of ≈20 G on scales of ≈30 Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole. In order to firmly identify the compact corona by omitting any other possible extended components (e.g., free–free emission from ionized gas in the vicinity), high-resolution/sensitivity observations achieved by next-generation interferometers will be necessary.

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Section: Multiple Componentsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Single Component (Free-free)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

Michiyama,

Inoue,

Doi

2023

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

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“…Indeed, the obscuring material around the galaxy's central engine has been the subject of intense study for the past few decades. The nuclear region has been examined in the radio with Very Long Baseline Interferometry from the Very Large Array and in the infrared using interferometry from the Very Large Telescope to glean insight into the distribution, composition, and thermal properties of the obscuring material (van der Hulst et al 1982;Greenhill et al 1996;Rottgering et al 2004;Gámez Rosas et al 2022).…”

Section: Ngc 1068 and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kiloparsec-scale Influence of the AGN in NGC 1068 with SALT RSS Fabry–Pérot Spectroscopy*

Hviding,

Hickox,

Väisänen

et al. 2023

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We present Fabry–Pérot (FP) imaging and longslit spectroscopy of the nearby Seyfert II galaxy NGC 1068 using the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS) on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) to observe the impact of the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) on the ionized gas in the galaxy on kiloparsec scales. With SALT RSS FP we are able to observe the Hα + [N ii] emission line complex over a ∼2.6 arcmin2 field of view. Combined with the longslit observation, we demonstrate the efficacy of FP spectroscopy for studying nearby Type II Seyfert galaxies and investigate the kiloparsec-scale ionized gas in NGC 1068. We confirm the results of previous work from the TYPHOON/Progressive Integral Step Method survey that the kiloparsec-scale ionized features in NGC 1068 are driven by AGN photoionization. We analyze the spatial variation of the AGN intensity to put forward an explanation for the shape and structure of the kiloparsec-scale ionization features. Using a toy model, we suggest the ionization features may be understood as a light echo from a burst of enhanced AGN activity ∼2000 yr ago.

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“…with GRAVITY (GRAVITY Collaboration et al 2017), have revealed that (somewhat colder) torus dust can be significantly entrained along the polar axis (López-Gonzaga et al 2016;Hönig & Kishimoto 2017). The presence of a small amount of optically-thin hot dust is therefore plausible in principle for luminous quasars (but see GRAVITY Collaboration et al 2020a,b for the lack of such an effect in fainter AGN, and see also results from the Matisse instrument revealing more complicated dust distribution in Gámez Rosas et al 2022).…”

Section: More Complicated Dust Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First rest-frame infrared spectrum of a z > 7 quasar: MIRI-MRS observations of J1120+0641

Álvarez-Márquez

Colina

Walter

et al. 2023

Preprint

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We present a JWST/MRS spectrum of the quasar J1120+0641 at z = 7.0848, the first spectroscopic observation of a reionisation-era quasar in the rest-frame infrared wavelengths (0.6 < λ < 3.4μm). In the context of the mysterious fast assembly of the first supermassive black holes at z > 7, our observations enable for the first time the detection of hot torus dust, the Hα emission line, and the Paschen-series broad emission lines in a quasar at z > 7, which we compare to samples at z < 6 for signs of evolution. Hot torus dust is clearly detected as an upturn in the continuum emission at λ rest ≃ 1.3μm, leading to a black-body temperature of T dust = 1413.5 +5.7-7.4 K. Compared to similarly-luminous quasars at 0 < z < 6, the hot dust in J1120+0641 is somewhat elevated in temperature (top 1%). The temperature is more typical among 6 < z < 6.5 quasars (top 25%), leading us to postulate a weak evolution in the hot dust temperature at z > 6 (2σ significance). We measure the black hole mass of J1120+0641 based on the Hα Balmer line, MBH = 1.52 ± 0.17 · 109 M⊙ , which is in good agreement with the previous rest-UV Mg II black hole mass measurement. The black hole mass based on the Paschen-series lines is also consistent within uncertainties, indicating that no significant extinction is biasing the MBH measurement obtained from the rest-frame UV. By comparing the ratios of the Hα, Pa-α and Pa-β emission lines to predictions from a simple one-phase Cloudy model, we find that the hydrogen broad lines are consistent with originating in a common broad-line region (BLR) with density logNH /cm−3 ≥ 12, ionisation parameter −7 < log U < −4, and extinction E(B–V)≲ 0.1 mag. These BLR parameters are fully consistent with similarly-bright quasars at 0 < z < 4. Overall, we find that both J1120+0641’s hot dust torus and hydrogen BLR properties show no significant peculiarity when compared to luminous quasars down to z = 0. The quasar accretion structures must have therefore assembled very quickly, as they appear fully ‘mature’ less than 760 million years after the Big Bang.

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Thermal imaging of dust hiding the black hole in NGC 1068

Abstract: Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cited by 53 publications

References 57 publications

The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

The Kiloparsec-scale Influence of the AGN in NGC 1068 with SALT RSS Fabry–Pérot Spectroscopy*

First rest-frame infrared spectrum of a z > 7 quasar: MIRI-MRS observations of J1120+0641

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Thermal imaging of dust hiding the black hole in NGC 1068

Abstract: Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cited by 53 publications

References 57 publications

The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

The centimeter-to-submillimeter broad-band radio spectrum of the central compact component in a nearby type-II Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068

The Kiloparsec-scale Influence of the AGN in NGC 1068 with SALT RSS Fabry–Pérot Spectroscopy*

First rest-frame infrared spectrum of a z &gt; 7 quasar: MIRI-MRS observations of J1120+0641

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Product

Resources

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First rest-frame infrared spectrum of a z > 7 quasar: MIRI-MRS observations of J1120+0641