Thermal Imaging as a Method to Indirectly Assess Peripheral Vascular Integrity and Tissue Viability in Veterinary Medicine: Animal Models and Clinical Applications

Variations in environments, including climate, diet, and agricultural practices, significantly impact the composition and microbial activity. A profound understanding of these adaptations allows for the improvement of nutrition and ruminant production. Therefore, this review aims to compile data from the literature on the rumen microbiota and molecular techniques for identifying the different types of microorganisms from the rumen fluid of ruminants. Analyzing the literature on rumen microbiology in different ruminants is complex due to microbial interactions, influenced by the environment and nutrition of these animals. In addition, it is worth noting that the genera of protozoa and fungi most evident in the studies used in this review on the microbiology of rumen fluid were Entodinium spp. and Aspergillus spp., respectively, and Fibrobacter spp. for bacteria. About the techniques used, it can be seen that DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing were the most cited in the studies evaluated. Therefore, this review describes what is present in the literature and provides an overview of the main microbial agents in the rumen and the molecular techniques used.

“…A total of 94 references were cited in this review. This methodology was also adopted in the study by Mota-Rojas et al [18] and Camargo-Júnior et al [19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Rumen Microbiota and the Different Molecular Techniques Used to Identify Microorganisms Found in the Rumen Fluid of Ruminants

Silva,

Silva

et al. 2024

“…Some controlled experimental studies in rodents have reported that the alteration of controlled tissue perfusion causes a significant decrease in surface temperature in the affected tissue [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. This has suggested that IRT could be used as a tool for evaluating the superficial thermal response to monitor wounds or injuries requiring treatment, such as flaps or tissue graft techniques [ 16 ]. This was reported in a clinical study of 16 cats (healthy cats = 10 and sick cats = 6).…”

Section: Infrared Thermal Monitoring During Rehabilitation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After tissue damage, proinflammatory mediators are released, causing the vasodilation of capillaries, venules, or arterioles, with a subsequent increase in local temperature [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. On the other hand, local hypothermia can be seen in patients with vascular compromise and ischemia issues [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Infrared Thermography in the Rehabilitation of Patients in Veterinary Medicine

Casas-Alvarado,

Ogi,

Villanueva-García

et al. 2024

Self Cite

Infrared Thermography (IRT) has become an assistance tool in medicine and is used to noninvasively evaluate heat elimination during and after inflammatory processes or during the recovery period. However, its application in veterinary patients undergoing physiotherapy is a field that requires deep research. This review aims to analyze the application of IRT in the monitoring of animal physiotherapy, using the thermal changes that are present in patients undergoing gait or lameness issues (e.g., inflammation, pain, increased local temperature) as a neurobiological basis. Rehabilitation techniques such as acupuncture, physical therapies, thermotherapy, photo-biomodulation, and electrostimulation have been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect that decreases the amount of local heat production, which is heat that can be recorded with IRT. Therefore, IRT could be used as a complementary tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy, and it is suggested that further studies evaluate the accuracy, sensibility, and sensitivity of IRT.

“…Among the technologies used to investigate animal comfort and environmental conditions quickly, non-invasively and with reliable and replicable results, monitoring using near-infrared thermography has been gaining ground, with applications in different areas of scientific knowledge, such as early diagnosis of diseases, non-invasive assessment of rectal temperature, determination of animal thermal stress and thermal characterization of the environment in which they live [ 23 , 24 ]. The radiometric imaging allow data to be obtained by evaluating targets such as the surface of animals and correlating them with the production systems studied [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermographic Profiles in Livestock Systems under Full Sun and Shaded Pastures during an Extreme Climate Event in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil: El Niño of 2023

Silva,

Martorano

et al. 2024

The El Niño represents a substantial threat to pastures, affecting the availability of water, forage and compromising the sustainability of grazing areas, especially in the northern region of Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the thermographic profile of three production systems in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The study was conducted on a rural cattle farm in Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, between August and November 2023. The experiment involved livestock production systems, including traditional, silvopastoral and integrated, with different conditions of shade and access to the bathing area. An infrared thermographic (IRT) camera was used, recording temperatures in different zones, such as areas with trees, pastures with forage and exposed pastures. The highest mean temperatures (p = 0.02) were observed in pastures with full sun from August to November. On the other hand, the lowest average temperatures were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (Bertholletia excelsa). The highest temperature ranges were found in sunny areas and the lowest were recorded in shaded areas. The highest temperatures were observed in the pasture in full sun, while the lowest were recorded in areas shaded by chestnut trees (p < 0.0001). The interaction between the systems and treatments revealed significant temperature differences (p < 0.0001), with the native trees showing an average temperature of 35.9 °C, lower than the grasses and soil, which reached 61.2 °C. This research concludes that, under El Niño in the Eastern Amazon, areas shaded by Brazil nut trees had lower temperatures, demonstrating the effectiveness of shade. Native trees, compared to grasses and soil, showed the ability to create cooler environments, highlighting the positive influence on different species such as sheep, goats and cattle.