Thermal hazards analysis of styrene in contact with impurities

Zhao, Lin; Shen, Yueqi; Sun, Yue; Mannan, M. Sam; Akbulut, Mustafa

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104315

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“… Monomer production & Polymerisation Styrene - monomer A probable carcinogen [ 122 ] on the SIN list [ 71 ] with known toxicity to animals and possibly hazardous to humans [ [122] , [123] , [124] ] – potential emissions at styrene and PS manufacturing facilities [ 117 ]. Risk of runaway reactions [ 125 ], which have caused numerous injuries and fatalities in multiple events (see Table 1 [ 126 ]). Polymerisation Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) – polymerisation initiator Hazardous chemical on the SIN list [ 71 ] – potential for occupational exposure [ 117 ].…”

Section: Polystyrenementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts associated with the plastic polymers polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polybutadiene across their life cycle: A review

Seewoo,

Wong,

Mulders

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Section: Polystyrenementioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts associated with the plastic polymers polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polybutadiene across their life cycle: A review

Seewoo,

Wong,

Mulders

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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“…Nowadays, styrene monomer continues to be the focus of investigation for many research teams around the world owing to its numerous applications and uses [48,49]. PS and styrene monomers are widely used in various industries and are topical in many areas of research such as new effective commercial stabilizers [50], composite science and technology [51] for the manufacture and functionalization of transparent wood [52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Styrene monomer as potential material for design of new optoelectronic and nonlinear optical polymers: density functional theory study

Noudem,

Fouejio,

Mveme

et al. 2024

R. Soc. Open Sci.

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Using density functional theory, we have studied the intrinsic properties of styrene. First, we determine the optimized structures, structural parameters and thermodynamic properties to make our simulations more realistic to experimental results and check the stability. Second, we investigate optoelectronic, electronic and global descriptors, transport properties of holes and electrons, natural bond orbital analysis, absorption and fluorescence properties. Finally, we study nonlinear optical (NLO) properties: first- and second-order hyperpolarizability, second and third-order optical susceptibilities, hyper-Rayleigh scattering hyperpolarizability, electro-optical Pockel effect, direct current Kerr effects and quadratic refractive index. The bandgap energy E g = 5.146 eV and dielectric constant ε r = 3.062 show that styrene is a good insulator with an average electric field value of 4.43 × 10 8 Vm −1 . Thermodynamic findings show that our molecule is thermodynamically and chemically stable. Electron and hole reorganization energies of 0.393 and 0.295 eV, respectively, show that styrene is more favourable to hole transport than electron transport. Styrene is transparent with linear refractive index n = 1.750 and quadratic n 2 = 1.748 × 10 −20 m 2 W −1 . At the NLO, styrene has a non-zero value of β H R S , which confirms the existence of first-order NLO activity. Globally the study shows that the styrene monomer is suitable for the architecture design of new polymer materials for NLO applications and optoelectronic by functionalization.

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“…Saada et al analyzed 30 chemical out-of-control incidents from 1988 to 2013 and concluded that nearly 30% of these incidents involved polymerization . There have been many thermal runaway incidents associated with styrene polymerization in recent years. , In 2020, an explosion occurred in India as a result of overpressure during styrene polymerization, causing numerous injuries and fatalities . During storage, another explosion incident occurred in ABS storage warehouses as a result of bulk brush discharging, leading to serious damage .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Styrene polymerization has attracted the attention of many scholars. ,, They studied the susceptibility of polymerization reactions to thermal runaway through discussions of the relationship between temperature and pressure during styrene polymerization. Experimental studies of styrene polymerization have been carried out with different interfering factors, including the initiator, inhibitor, initiation method, and monomer mass fraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,16 In 2020, an explosion occurred in India as a result of overpressure during styrene polymerization, causing numerous injuries and fatalities. 17 During storage, another explosion incident occurred in ABS storage warehouses as a result of bulk brush discharging, leading to serious damage. 18 Another incident was also associated with styrene polymerization: an overtemperature incident that occurred in radical polymerization of styrene in an aqueous miniemulsion at a high operation temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Research on the Risk of Thermal Runaway in the Industrial Process of Styrene Solution Polymerization

Zhao

Zhang²,

et al. 2021

Org. Process Res. Dev.

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Polymerization reactions are exothermic processes that are often accompanied by viscosity changes, and they can pose hazards due to thermal runaway. This paper describes an investigation of the potential for thermal runaway in the industrial process of styrene solution polymerization, in which particular focus was devoted to the effects of the monomer concentration and the solvent. As the monomer concentration increased from 20.0 to 50.0 wt %, the heat of reaction Q r and the adiabatic temperature rise ΔT ad increased in a linear manner from 19.0 ± 0.2 to 58.1 ± 0.6 kJ and 21.7 ± 0.1 to 64.8 ± 0.6 K, respectively, and the maximum temperature attained by the synthesis reaction (MTSR) was also increased from 86.1 ± 0.2 to 101.5 ± 0.2 °C. In addition, the molecular weight distribution of polystyrene was around 1.9, and the distribution was broad. The risk of a potential runaway reaction was evaluated using the Stoessel assessment criteria and Zurich Hazard Analysis. The criticality of runaway polymerization remained constant with increasing concentration, and class 1 risk was observed. However, the severity of a potential runaway reaction was increased from negligible to medium class. It was found that the solvent had an important effect on the risk of thermal runaway during polymerization. The criticality of the high-boiling solvents toluene and cyclohexanone used in this work was class 1, while that of the low-boiling solvent ethyl acetate was class 3. This work provides valuable insight that can help to control thermal risk in the chemical industry.

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Thermal hazards analysis of styrene in contact with impurities

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Impacts associated with the plastic polymers polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polybutadiene across their life cycle: A review

Impacts associated with the plastic polymers polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polybutadiene across their life cycle: A review

Styrene monomer as potential material for design of new optoelectronic and nonlinear optical polymers: density functional theory study

Research on the Risk of Thermal Runaway in the Industrial Process of Styrene Solution Polymerization

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