Thermal Flow for Radiative Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid over Nonlinear Stretching Sheet Subject to Darcy–Forchheimer Phenomenon

Abstract

This study examines the bidimensional nonlinear convective flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid upon a nonlinear stretching sheet. Three types of nanoparticles, namely Cu , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , are suspended in the base fluid taken as water with a new composition Cu + TiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 / H 2 O which is termed as ternary hybrid nanofluid. To stabilize the flow and thermal properties of the new composition, the Brownian as well as thermophoresis properties are incorporated into energy and mass equations. The nonlinear thermal radiations and heat absorption/generation terms are included in the energy equation. The effects of the Darcy–Forchheimer phenomenon are also induced in the momentum equation. The set of model equations has shifted to dimension-free form by employing suitable variables. It has concluded in this study that flow characteristics have been declined with augmenting values of volumetric fractions of solid nanoparticles, porosity, and inertia factors and have upsurge with higher values of thermal and nonlinear thermal Grashof numbers. Thermal characteristics have been observed to be augmented with growth in radiation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, heat generation/absorption, temperature ratio factors, and volumetric fraction of solid nanoparticles. These effects are more significant for ternary hybrid nanoparticles. Concentration profiles have been declined with higher values of Brownian motion factor, Lewis number, and upsurge with growth in thermophoresis factor. It has also been deduced in this investigation that the thermal flow rate is higher for trihybrid nanofluid than hybrid or traditional nanofluids, and a percentage growth in Nusselt number has been shown through statistical chart in support of this work. Current results have been compared with established results and found a fine agreement amongst all results.

Analysis of the electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic hybrid nanofluid flow past a convectively heated stretching surface with suction/injection and non-linear thermal radiation

“…Zhang et al (2022) examined the effects of magnetic field on hybrid nanoparticle flow over an elastic sheet and noticed that motion of the fluid propagated faster with progression in tantalum nanoparticles and the Darcy number while the temperature of the fluid declined with an upsurge in nickel and tantalum nanoparticle concentration. Guedri et al (2022) discussed the trihybrid radiative nanofluid motion over a non-linear extended sheet using the impression of the Darcy-Forchheimer model and noticed that the heat of the fluid amplified with growth in Brownian, temperature ratio, and thermophoretic parameters. Salahuddin et al (2022) examined flow and thermal behavior for a highly magnetized wavy heated cylinder on which hybrid nanofluids flow.…”

Theoretical analysis of the quartic autocatalytic reaction of a thermally radiative ternary hybrid nanofluid in a stratified porous medium

“…Table 1: Thermophysical Properties of Some Nanofluids [10], [11], [25], [27] Material Density (kg/m The flow is assumed to take place in the presence of radiation, hence, the radiative heat flux 𝑞 𝑟 is incorporated into the energy equation. In the light of the above assumptions, together with the description in [8], [10], [24], [25], [27], the governing equations takes the form:…”

Stability analysis and multiple solutions of MHD mixed convective Cu–Ag-Al2O3/H2O ternary hybrid nanofluid over an exponential permeable shrinking surface with radiation and slip impacts: An estimation of entropy production

“…According to Revathi et al [30], Rafique et al [31], and Guedri et al [32], the Navier-Stokes equation and the energy equation for the ternary hybrid nanofluid may both be stated as follows:…”

“…Thermophysical properties of ordinary/mono nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and ternary hybrid nanofluid (Guedri et al[32], Alqawasmi et al[33])…”