“…Chemical reactions, adsorption, nucleation, surface growth, elastoplasticity, and crossing of energy gaps in semiconductors are, to name a few, examples of activated processes. These processes obey a rate law often expressed as two Arrhenius terms accounting for the forward and the reverse rates, as is the case of the Butler−Volmer equation of electrochemistry. − The Butler−Volmer equation describes the rate of an electrochemical reaction as a function of the departure from the equilibrium voltage of the electrochemical cell. This equation, however, fails to reproduce the behavior of the system at high reaction rates, where nonideal effects in transport become significant (see, e.g., refs −6).…”