“…16 In particular, the alteration of the flow characteristics in fractured formations can be monitored using seismic waves as high-resolution probes, sensitive to different geological conditions such as temperature, overburden and pore pressures, saturation level, and depth of interest. [16][17][18][19] As seismic waves propagate through a fractured medium, frequency-dependent elastic interface waves are generated, which are categorized into fast and slow interface waves with velocities ranging from shear-wave (upper limit) to Rayleigh-wave (lower limit). [20][21][22][23] While the energy of these interface waves depends on stress states and fracture geometry, 21,24 a direct relationship exists between fracture-specific stiffness and propagation of interface waves.…”