Thermal degradation of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde and phenol–formaldehyde resol resins

Alonso, Mar; Oliet, Mercedes; Domínguez, Juan Carlos Castillo; Rojo, Ester; Rodrı́guez, Francisco

doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1405-0

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Kinetic characterization is important for understanding structural changes of the degradation of phenolic resins during the different phases of degradation, which could be used to predict and improve the industrial performance of resin (Alonso et al 2011). Based on dynamic analysis, isoconversional methods were used in this work.…”

Section: Activation Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Degradation and Stability of Accelerated-curing Phenol-formaldehyde Resin

et al. 2014

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In order to study the thermal stability of accelerated-curing PF resin, the curing behavior of fresh PF resin was investigated in the presence of single accelerator of methylolurea derivatives (MMU), magnesium hydrate (Mg(OH)2), 25% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and propylene carbonate (PC). Also their optimum combination was added in fresh PF resin. The thermal stability of cured phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins was studied using thermogravimetric analysis TG/DTA in air with heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min -1 . Thermal degradation kinetics were investigated using the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. The results show that these accelerators can promote fresh PF resin fast curing, and the degradation of accelerated-curing cured PF resin can be divided into three stages. Single accelerator MMU, Mg(OH)2, and Na2CO3 can promote fresh PF curing at low temperatures in the first stage, while the structure of PF resin which was added with MMU and PC was more rigid, according to thermal degradation kinetics. A novel fast curing agent which is compound with MMU+Na2CO3 for PF resin is proposed; not only can it maintain the advantage of fast curing of the single accelerator Na2CO3, but it also improves the thermal stability of PF resin.

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Section: Activation Energy Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Degradation and Stability of Accelerated-curing Phenol-formaldehyde Resin

et al. 2014

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“…It may be due to the fact that in the late thermal degradation stage, their structures became more orderly and required more energy to break down. The decomposition mechanism changed when the conversion reached higher than 70% [18][19][20]. Degradation and formation of new cross-links occurred at the same time [4,18,20].…”

Section: Thermal Degradation Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peaks assignments were given in Table 3 according to previous studies [5,18,26]. The intensities and bands of the functional groups of the tested resins changed with the increase of thermal degradation temperature.…”

Section: Structural Changes Of the Bark-derived Pf Resins During Thermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inclusion of other materials, such as lignin and cellulose fibers, in the PF resin synthesis has been shown to modify thermal stability and degradation kinetics of the resulting resins [18,20,21,24]. Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resol resins were found to have higher thermal stability under both nitrogen and air conditions than PF resins with different degradation characteristics [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resol resins were found to have higher thermal stability under both nitrogen and air conditions than PF resins with different degradation characteristics [18]. Meanwhile, the LPF novolac resins were found to be less stable at lower temperatures than PF resins, but they were comparable to PF resins at higher temperatures [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Thermal degradation characteristics of phenol–formaldehyde resins derived from beetle infested pine barks

2013

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Synthesis, Spectral and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of the Epoxidized Resole Resin Derived from Cardanol

Shukla

Srivastava

Srivastava³

2014

Adv Polym Technol

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Cardanol-based epoxidized resole resins (ERCF) were synthesized by reacting resole-type phenolic resin (RCF) and epichlorohydrin in a basic medium, at 120ºC. Resole-type phenolic resins were synthesized by reacting cardanol and formaldehyde (in molar ratios 1:1.3, 1:1.5, 1:1.7, 1:1.9, 1:2.1) in the presence of sodium hydroxide, as a catalyst, at five different temperatures ranging between 60 and 80ºC with an interval of 5ºC for a maximum period of 6 h. These prepared samples were cured using 15% polyamide as a curing agent at 120 ± 2ºC for 1 h. The synthesized resins were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The thermal properties of all these samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at 10ºC min −1 . Decomposition kinetics was studied by various kinetic models for the synthesized compounds. The TG/DTG thermograms showed two-step decomposition behavior in all the samples of ERCF. In the present study, Coast-Redfern, Horowitz-Metzger, and Broido models have been used to calculate the activation energy (E a ) and preexponential factor (A) for different stages. The activation energy calculated from all the three models mentioned above were close to each other for the prepared ERCF. C

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Thermal degradation of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde and phenol–formaldehyde resol resins

Cited by 52 publications

References 31 publications

Thermal Degradation and Stability of Accelerated-curing Phenol-formaldehyde Resin

Thermal Degradation and Stability of Accelerated-curing Phenol-formaldehyde Resin

Thermal degradation characteristics of phenol–formaldehyde resins derived from beetle infested pine barks

Synthesis, Spectral and Thermal Degradation Kinetics of the Epoxidized Resole Resin Derived from Cardanol

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