Thermal degradation of epoxy novolac‐phenol formaldehyde novolac resin systems

Sullivan, Eileen A.

doi:10.1002/app.1991.070420703

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Longer-term failures arise when the epoxy degrades due to heating and illumination in the presence of oxygen. [52][53][54][55] Degradation can include hardening due to increased crosslinking, thermolysis at the higher end of the temperature range experienced on sun, formation of oxidation products that increase hydrophilicity of the material, and plasticization by incorporated water. All of these would decrease the effectiveness of the encapsulant material over time, pointing to the need for improved encapsulants for atscale technology deployments.…”

Section: Degradation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Degradation Phenomena Demonstrated on Resilient, Flexible, and Scalable Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells

Kistler

Zeng

Young

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a pathway to generate sustainable clean fuels using the two most abundant resources on Earth: sunlight and water. Currently, most of the successful models of PEC cells are still fabricated on small scales near 1 cm2, which largely limits the mass deployment of solar‐fuel production. Here, the scale‐up to 8 cm2 of an integrated PEC (IPEC) device is demonstrated and its performance compared to a 1 cm2 IPEC cell, using state‐of‐the‐art iridium and platinum catalysts with III–V photoabsorbers. The initial photocurrents at 1 sun are 8 and 7 mA cm−2 with degradation rates of 0.60 and 0.47 mA cm−2 day−1, during unbiased operation for the 1 and 8 cm2 devices, respectively. Evaluating under outdoor and indoor conditions at two U.S. National Laboratories reveals similar results, evidencing the reproducibility of this design's performance. Furthermore, the emerging degradation mechanisms during scale‐up are investigated and the knowledge gained from this work will provide feedback to the broader community, since PEC device durability is a limiting factor in its potential future deployment.

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Section: Degradation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Degradation Phenomena Demonstrated on Resilient, Flexible, and Scalable Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells

Kistler

Zeng

Young

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…13,14 In Japan, canned drinks coated with cured epoxy resin keep 60-65 o C, 7~10 days warm in the vending machine and are sold. 15 The canned food is being heat-treated by the necessity for the sterilization at 121 or 175 o C for several minutes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-temperature decomposition of epoxy resin

et al. 2004

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We report a new method using a heating medium for the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin (EP) at temperatures ranging from 50 to 200 o C. EP decomposition also occurred below 50 o C during a 6-day period to generate bisphenol A (BPA) at concentrations as high as 5 ppm. When polyethylene glycol was used as a heating medium, we determined the kinetics of the EP decomposition at low temperature. We determined the apparent activation energy of the overall decomposition to be 40.8 kJ/mol and the frequency factor to be 2.3 Ý10 3 by monitoring the rate of BPA formation. Thus, EP is clearly unstable upon the application of heat.

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“…In the preliminary studies, special attention is given to the variation of mechanical properties of CCs with respect to changes in heating rates [11][12][13][14]. Furthermore in the models, the carbonization behavior has been studied either separately or along with other factors such as weight loss kinetics [4,5], pure chemical kinetics [15,16], Brownian motion technique [17], ablative characteristics [18][19][20], response to fire [21], interfacial thermal stresses [22], thermal expansion coefficients [23], thermal conductivity [24], estimation of cracks, displacement and stresses, and using very simple geometries or assumptions to solve heat, mass and momentum transport problems separately [3,[25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of material properties by 2-D numerical simulation of carbonization process of carbon–carbon composites

et al. 2019

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The degradation of polymer matrix composite material during carbonization and the processing temperature are some important deciding factors to evaluate the performance of carbon-carbon composite (CC) for the targeted applications. In present study, the carbonization of material at the temperature range of 1200-1500 °C is considered as a critical step for understanding the material performance, as it is essential for the progress in the processing of CCs. The heat, mass and momentum transport equations are used with weight loss kinetics to develop a numerical simulation model for the carbonization process. Afterward, to solve the governing equations, a 2-D finite difference method (FDM) is employed. Using material properties, the developed numerical model predicts the distribution of pressure, porosity, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity as a function of surface temperature for square samples of various thicknesses at different heating rates. The comparisons of the results of the 2-D model are carried out with results of 1-D FDM model published earlier.

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Thermal degradation of epoxy novolac‐phenol formaldehyde novolac resin systems

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Emergent Degradation Phenomena Demonstrated on Resilient, Flexible, and Scalable Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells

Emergent Degradation Phenomena Demonstrated on Resilient, Flexible, and Scalable Integrated Photoelectrochemical Cells

Low-temperature decomposition of epoxy resin

Prediction of material properties by 2-D numerical simulation of carbonization process of carbon–carbon composites

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