Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams containing a novel intumescent flame retardant

Gao, Ming; Wu, Weihong; Liu, Song; Wang, Yanxia; Shen, Tengfei

doi:10.1007/s10973-014-3856-6

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Besides, the addition of 30% PSTM in PU can effectively increase the LOI value to 25.6 and UL‐94 rating can achieve V‐0 without melt dripping. Comparing with previous work, 18 PSTM enhance flame‐retardant effect for PU.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…Phytic acid (PA), high phosphorus content compounds (mass fraction of about 28%), exhibits the advantages of stable, environmentally friendly, renewable resources and fossil resources alternative, which has aroused widespread interest as a phosphorus source for flame retardants 18‐22 . For instance, polyelectrolyte complex (PEC), containing chitosan and PA was evaluated as a flame retardant for ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) to improve the fire behavior 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

Xing

Lin

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary A novel bio‐based P‐N containing intumescent flame retardant melamine starch phytate (PSTM) was prepared via the reaction of phytic acid starch ester with melamine and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of PSTM on thermal properties and flammability of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were analyzed by TGA, limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94) and cone calorimeter measurement. The TGA results demonstrated that the thermal stabilities of PU/PSTM foam at high temperature was enhanced with the increasing additive amount of PSTM. The results showed that PU foam with 30 php PSTM (PU/PSTM‐30%) observed an LOI value of 25.9 and a UL‐94 rating of V‐0. Cone calorimetry data showed that peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate of PU/PSTM‐30% were distinctly lower than that of pure PU. Further experimental results demonstrated that PSTM promotes well charring of PU which could protect the foam from combustion. This work developed a novel bio‐based intumescent flame retardant by suing phytic acid and starch as the acid source and carbon source, respectively, which is of great significance to the preparation of environmental‐friendly flame retardants.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 46%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

Xing

Lin

et al. 2020

Fire and Materials

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“…They exhibit excellent flame retardancy and char‐forming ability in many polymeric materials and have slight damage on the mechanical properties of polymeric matrix . For example, Gao et al prepared flame‐retardant RPUFs with macromolecular phosphorus‐nitrogen single IFR (MIFR) and reported that the MIFR‐filled RPUFs had a good flame retardancy . When the content of MIFR was 25 (php), the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the RPUF reaches 24.5%, and the compressive strength of the flame‐retardant RPUFs does not decrease dramatically compared with that of pure RPUFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported that the MIFR-filled RPUFs had a good flame retardancy. 22 When the content of MIFR was 25 (php), the limiting oxygen index…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a phosphorus‐nitrogen single intumescent flame retardant

Wang

et al. 2017

Polymers for Advanced Techs

230

138

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A phosphorous-nitrogen intumescent flame-retardant, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol phosphoryl melamine (DPPM), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with DPPM (DPPM-RPUF) as fire-retardant additive were prepared. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mechanical performance testing showed that DPPM exhibited a favorable compatibility with RPUF and negligibly negative influence on the mechanical properties of RPUF. The flame retardancy of DPPM on RPUF was investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test and cone calorimeter. The LOI of DPPM-RPUF could reach 29.5%, and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved, when the content of DPPM was 25 php. Furthermore, the DPPM-RPUF exhibited an outstanding water resistance that it could still obtain a V-0 rating after water soaking. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the residual weight of RPUF was relatively low, while the charring ability of DPPM-RPUF was improved greatly. Real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to study the thermo-oxidative degradation reactions of DPPM-RPUF. The results revealed that the flame-retardancy mechanism of DPPM in RPUF was based on the surface charred layer acting as a physical barrier, which slowed down the decomposition of RPUF and prevented the heat and mass transfer between the gas and the condensed phases. storage and electromagnetic interference shielding fields due to its high mechanical properties, insulated properties, etc. 1-4 However, one of its major defects is its flammability, which limits its further applications. 5,6 The improvement of the flame retardancy of RPUF has currently been an important subject among the developments of new polymer foam materials. 7,8 Traditionally, the main flame retardants for RPUF are the halogen-based compounds such as pentabromodiphenyl ether, chloroethylphosphate, etc, which may endow RPUF excellent flame retardation. 9 However, when burning, such retardants release a lot of toxic gases which pollute environment and damage people's health. 10-14 Thus, the environmentally-friendly flame-retardant additives with good flame retardancy are particularly needed. In recent years, the phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used as halogen-free additives because they provide excellent fire protection with less smoke and lower toxicity. 15,16 Traditional IFRs are mixtures, which usually consist of an acid source (eg, ammonium polyphosphate), a carbonizing agent (eg, pentaerythritol, sorbitol) and a foaming agent (eg, melamine). The IFRs system usually experiences an intense expansion and forms protective charred layers that serve as a physical barrier to protect the underlying material from flux or flame. 14,15 In spite of many advantages, IFRs have 2 issues, ie, low water solubility and high thermal stability. 17 In addition, they are poorly compatible with the RPUF matrix, which weakens the mechanical properties of ...

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“…One of the most effective methods for improving the flame retardancy is to incorporate intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) into the PP matrix, which has been reported . Generally, IFRs mainly contain three components, which are acid source, blowing agent, and charring agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of polyamide 6 as a charring agent on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites

Chen

Tang

et al. 2015

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In this work, polyamide 6 (PA6) as a charring agent has been used in combination with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MTAPP) forming intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) which applies in polypropylene (PP). The effects of the IFRs on the flame retardancy, morphology of char layers, water resistance, thermal properties and mechanical properties of flame‐retardant PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical properties test. The results show that the PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites exhibit much better flame‐retardant performances than the PP/MTAPP composites. The higher LOI values and UL‐94 V‐2 of the PP/MTAPP composites with suitable amount of PA6 are obtained, which is attributed to the thick and compact char layer structure evidenced by SEM. The results from TGA and DSC demonstrate that the introduction of PA6 into PP/MTAPP composites has a great effect on the thermal stability and crystallization behaviors of the composites. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PP/MTAPP/PA6 composites are also improved greatly due to the presence of PA6 as a charring agent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1355–1360, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Thermal degradation and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams containing a novel intumescent flame retardant

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

Flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a phosphorus‐nitrogen single intumescent flame retardant

Influence of polyamide 6 as a charring agent on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites

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