Thermal Cycling Effect on Locator System Retention and Metal Surface Roughness

Abstract

Purpose To estimate the effects of the thermal cycling (TC) process on the metal surfaces of Locators, as well as retention loss, and the correlation between them. Materials and methods Twenty‐five new Locator R‐Tx were included in the study. Four areas were marked on each Locators’ patrix metal surface and scanned using a confocal scanner (μsurf explorer; NanoFocus). Three surface roughness parameters were measured in the scans: Sa (average distance of peaks from the central plain of the area), Vmp (volume of the peaks in the area), and Spc (mean curvature of the peaks describing the degree of their sharpness). Retention test was performed using Instron® 4500 compression tension tensile tester at a speed of 10 mm/min. The retention tests were done using a working model made of two acrylic blocks in which the Locator system parts were inserted. The surface parameters measurements and the retention tests were performed 2 times, once before and once after TC. The Locators were subjected to 15,000 TC cycles by investing them into 2 tubs with different water temperatures, 55°C and 5°C. During each 60‐second cycle, the Locators were submerged in each tub for 20 seconds, with a 10 second transition time between the tubs. The post‐TC retention and surface parameters measurements were compared with those prior to TC and the prior to TC measurements served as controls. Changes in parameters before and after TC were analyzed by a two‐way ANOVA nested model with random intercept and slope by restricted maximum likelihood method. Correlation between retention and surface parameters was quantified and examined using Kendall's correlation test. The findings were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Results There was a significant decrease in retention of 16.6N at the second retention test (p < 0.001). A significant statistical decrease in surface parameters were measured after TC process, Sa and Vmp (18 ×10–3 μm, p = 0.041 and 0.94 ×10–3 1/μm, p = 0.001, respectively). A significant statistical increase in Spc of 6.4 ×10–3 μm3/μm2 (p = 0.023) was noticed. The correlation between retention decreases and surface changes was not statistically significant. Conclusion The TC process causes a substantial reduction in retention to the Locator system over time. In addition, TC causes significant but minor changes to the Locator surface area. Most of the changes are in the horizontal dimension.

Effect of thermocycling on the retentive force of the retentive inserts in three denture attachments and their water absorption ability

“…The thermal effect may explain these results, as it can cause changes in the retentive insert size within the matrix housing and providing increased retention. In contrast, a study reported the retentive force of the blue-coded retentive insert in the LOCATOR R-Tx attachment decreased after thermocycling, and also reported a greater retentive force of retentive insert than the present data 24) . These findings might be explained by differences in the cycle of thermocycling testing and dislodgement speed.…”

“…This material wear is caused by several etiological factors 19) , including material type 20) , implant position 13,21) , the frequency of denture insertion/removals 10,11,17,22) , interimplant angulation 22) , brushing habits 23) , and cyclic loading 14) . Moreover, thermal change might influence overdenture retention [24][25][26] . Denture attachments undergo multiple thermal fluctuations throughout the day during activities such as eating, drinking hot or cold liquids, and even breathing.…”