Thermal conductance in birds and mammals

Herreid, Clyde Freeman; Kessel, Brina

doi:10.1016/0010-406x(67)90802-x

Cited by 332 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Within the thermoneutral zone, metabolic heat production exactly balances the heat dissipated, which is chiefly a function of surface area. However, as the cross-surface temperature differential increases, the metabolic scaling slope should approach~0.45-0.55, as typically observed for the scaling of thermal conductance in birds and mammals [6,[79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. As predicted, when T a equals 0 • C (which is greater than 30 • C below T b ), the metabolic scaling exponents for mammals (0.40), passerine birds (0.52) and nonpasserine birds (0.53) ( [56,58]; Figures 3 and 4) all approach that observed for the scaling exponent of thermal conductance.…”

Section: Implications Of Results For Theorymentioning

confidence: 78%

Effects of Contingency versus Constraints on the Body-Mass Scaling of Metabolic Rate

Glazier

2018

Challenges

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I illustrate the effects of both contingency and constraints on the body-mass scaling of metabolic rate by analyzing the significantly different influences of ambient temperature (T a ) on metabolic scaling in ectothermic versus endothermic animals. Interspecific comparisons show that increasing T a results in decreasing metabolic scaling slopes in ectotherms, but increasing slopes in endotherms, a pattern uniquely predicted by the metabolic-level boundaries hypothesis, as amended to include effects of the scaling of thermal conductance in endotherms outside their thermoneutral zone. No other published theoretical model explicitly predicts this striking variation in metabolic scaling, which I explain in terms of contingent effects of T a and thermoregulatory strategy in the context of physical and geometric constraints related to the scaling of surface area, volume, and heat flow across surfaces. My analysis shows that theoretical models focused on an ideal 3/4-power law, as explained by a single universally applicable mechanism, are clearly inadequate for explaining the diversity and environmental sensitivity of metabolic scaling. An important challenge is to develop a theory of metabolic scaling that recognizes the contingent effects of multiple mechanisms that are modulated by several extrinsic and intrinsic factors within specified constraints.

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Section: Implications Of Results For Theorymentioning

confidence: 78%

Effects of Contingency versus Constraints on the Body-Mass Scaling of Metabolic Rate

Glazier

2018

Challenges

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“…Likewise, according to our results, these variations cannot be attributed to differences in masses. Furthermore, this is other, but indirect evidence that conductance, metabolic rate or mass-specific metabolic rate did not affect (J), because these are allometric functions of body mass (Kleiber 1961, Herreid andKessel 1967). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Modulating factors of the energetic effectiveness of huddling in small mammals

Canals¹,

Rosenmann²,

Novoa³

et al. 1998

Acta Theriol.

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Huddling is effective in decreasing metabolic rate permitting energy saving. However, this decrease varies among different species depending on physical, physiological and behavioral characteristics of the huddled individuals. Following a general model we analyzed the effects of ambient temperature, thermal conductance and ontogeny on the huddling effectiveness (energy saving level from huddling behaviour) in white mice Mus musculus. Also, we studied the effects of thermal conductance by using the Sigmodontine Abrothrix andinus as a model organism. To put our results in a general context we analyzed literature data of huddling of several species of rodents at different temperatures. No effects of temperature and thermal conductance was detected. However, based on literature data, we found that at temperatures lower or near thermoneutrality the huddling effectiveness decrease. Also, the huddling effectiveness depends on the stage of development. Temperature probably affects the intensity of huddling, while changes in huddling effectiveness at early stages of development are likely consequences of structural (morphological) changes during the ontogeny. In this sense, it appears that the capacity to change the body form is and individual structural constraint which is extended to the huddling group.

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“…The paucity of existence energy data from this study precludes a precise definition of this convergence temperature. The ratio of E.M. computed with Kendeigh's equation (1970) for a 2,086 g bird at ooe (249.1 kcal dayr") to standard metabolism computed from thermal conductance (Herreid and Kessel, 1967) for a bird of the same weight at 0°e (165 kcal day-1) is 1.5. The ratio of E.M. to standard metabolism of the snowy owl at -4.5°e is 1.7.…”

Section: Cold Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…g-l . hr-1 •°C -1) computed from the equation of Herreid and Kessel (1967) (Jog C =: 0.662 -0.536 log W; W measured in g) for a 2,026-g bird is 54.8% larger than the value I measured on the snowy owl at negligible air speed, and that computed from the equation of Lasiewski et al (1967) (log C =: log 0.848 -0.508 log W; C measured in cc O 2 • g-1 . hr-1 .°C-" W measured in g) is 72.1 % larger than the observed value.…”

Section: Thermal Conductancementioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergetics of the Snowy Owl (Nyctea Scandiaca)

Gessaman

1972

Arctic and Alpine Research

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Oxygen consumption and CO 2 production were measured on four female snowy owls at several different ambient temperatures and two air speeds. Food consumption and existence metabolism were measured on individuals caged indoors at three ambient temperatures and on individuals caged outdoors in winter at Barrow, Alaska. Standard metabolism is 42% less than the value computed with the equation of Lasiewski and Dawson (1967). The thermoneutral zone extends from 2.5 through 18.5°C. Thermal conductance of the snowy owl (0.05 cal' g-l . hr-I .°C-I) is lower than any published for an avian species and is equivalent to that of the pelts of the arctic fox and Dall sheep. Oxygen consumption of owls exposed to air speeds of 4.47 m sec-1 and 7.47 m sec-1 increases approximately with the square root of air speed. Lower critical temperature in a 7.47 m sec-I wind appears to increase at least 11°C above that at negligible air speed. Existence metabolism at 5°C, -4.5°C and -17.8°C was, respectively, 2.15, 1.73, and 1.4 times greater than standard metabolism. At ambient temperatures (T ) below -4.5°C ex- ( 100 . metabolized energy . gross energy intake":") for owls indoors was 70%, for owls outdoors, 74 to 80%. Computed minimal daily food consumption for a free-living owl residing near Barrow, Alaska, in the fall and winter of 1966-67 ranged from 4 to 6.7 sixty-gram lemmings. Food consumption and metabolized energy of owls caged outdoors at Barrow, Alaska, were compared with values measured indoors. Food consumption of caged owls was compared with published field observations of food consumption.

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Thermal conductance in birds and mammals

Cited by 332 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of Contingency versus Constraints on the Body-Mass Scaling of Metabolic Rate

Effects of Contingency versus Constraints on the Body-Mass Scaling of Metabolic Rate

Modulating factors of the energetic effectiveness of huddling in small mammals

Bioenergetics of the Snowy Owl (Nyctea Scandiaca)

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