Thermal comfort implications of urbanization in a warm-humid city: the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR), Sri Lanka

Emmanuel, Rohinton

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.12.004

Cited by 179 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Most of these foreign investments are industries, which were established in export processing zones (EPZs), such as in Katunayake, Biyagama, and Horana, which are located in the CMA. As a result, 80% of Sri Lanka's industries today are located in the CMA [12]. Moreover, the location of the administrative capital city, Sir Jawardhanapura Kotte, in the CMA has attracted most of the national government's administrative headquarters and several government institutions into the CMA.…”

Section: Urban Growth Of Cma and Other Major Cities In South Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka

Subasinghe

Estoque

Murayama

2016

IJGI

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Abstract:Understanding urban growth spatiotemporally is important for landscape and urban development planning. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal pattern of urban growth of the Colombo Metropolitan Area (CMA)-Sri Lanka's only metropolitan area-from 1992 to 2014 using remote sensing data and GIS techniques. First, we classified three land-use/cover maps of the CMA (i.e., for 1992, 2001, and 2014) using Landsat data. Second, we examined the temporal pattern of urban land changes (ULCs; i.e., land changes from non-built-up to built-up) across two time intervals (1992-2001 and 2001-2014). Third, we examined the spatial pattern of ULCs along the gradients of various driver variables (e.g., distance to roads) and by using spatial metrics. Finally, we predicted the future urban growth of the CMA (2014-2050). Our results revealed that the CMA's built-up land has increased by 24,711 ha (221%) over the past 22 years (11,165 ha in 1992 to 35,876 ha in 2014), at a rate of 1123 ha per year. The analysis revealed that ULC was more intense or faster during the 2000s (1268 ha per year) than in the 1990s (914 ha per year), coinciding with the trends of population and economic growth. The results also revealed that most of the ULCs in both time intervals occurred in close proximity to roads and schools, while also showing some indications of landscape fragmentation and infill urban development patterns. The ULC modeling revealed that by 2030 and 2050, the CMA's built-up land will increase to 42,500 ha and 56,000 ha, respectively. Most of these projected gains of built-up land will be along the transport corridors and in proximity to the growth nodes. These findings are important in the context of landscape and urban development planning for the CMA. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the landscape transformation of the CMA, also highlighting some important challenges facing its future sustainable urban development.

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Section: Urban Growth Of Cma and Other Major Cities In South Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka

Subasinghe

Estoque

Murayama

2016

IJGI

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“…Thus the integration of climate dimension in the city planning and design process has become a vital issue now-adays. Yet, urban design and planning policy instruments for the mitigation of the negative impacts of tropical urban climate remains largely unexplored in this region (Emmanuel, 2005). Among the urban design elements, urban density is an important one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Respect to Building Height in a High-Density City in the Tropics

Kakon¹,

Mishima²,

Shoichi³

et al. 2010

American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: The significance of urban design and planning in the tropics lies mostly on its climatic and regional concerns. Among many design parameters, building height is an important parameter which affects thermal climate in the city considerably. This study investigated the effect of building height on outdoor thermal comfort during the daytime in summer in Dhaka, Bangladesh which is a high density city located in tropical climate zone. This study emphasized on pedestrian comfort condition in a planned residential area in the city. Approach: Thermal comfort was assessed in terms of Temperature-Humidity-Index (THI) which uses air Temperature (T a ) and Relative Humidity (RH). Measurements were carried out in a typical summer day. In addition, to simulate the urban thermal climate, a 3D numerical simulation tool ENVI-met was used. Results: Simulated results showed close agreement with the measured data in case of existing canyon and thus the validity of the present numerical simulation was confirmed. Results showed that in case of existing canyon with average building height of 4-5 storied, THI lies in the discomfort level. A canyon was proposed by increasing the building height to 8-10 storied in the existing canyon. In case of proposed canyon, it was found that increased building height provides comparatively comfortable condition than the existing case during day time. Moreover, mean radiant temperature (T mrt ), surface Temperature (T s ) and wind speed were included in the present study to identify the effects of building height on these factors. Conclusion: The present study had an implication on the urban design process to achieve a more comfortable urban environment by mitigating heat stress in summer.

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“…This view was supported by a study sponsored by the Forest Service on the tree canopy cover in urban landscapes [33]- [35], and by other studies on watersheds and many urban ecosystem processes [36]- [39]. As for hot and humid climatic zones, many researchers [14], [29], [40] recognize the importance of solar shading in the design of urban structures because it can be used to keep heat gain at minimum levels and maximize coverage over urban surfaces [1]. As hot and humid tropics mainly require shading and solar filtration, Shahidan et al, (2010,2011) and Hidayat (2010) asserts that it would be more favorable to plant trees that grow to have greater height, wider canopy, larger leaves, and thicker branch coverage to filter radiation [6].…”

Section: A Plants and Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Proper procedures and laws should be implemented as part of the decision-making and planning stage of urban development to boost good stewardship and competent use of natural resources [4], [28]. Therefore, nature is a part of the complexity of cities, and each city has its own novel nature that humans have a role in creating and maintaining [29], [30]. An expanding and flourishing society demands decent psycho-physical regeneration which can be established through relaying aesthetic and cultural values by placing water bodies and greenery strategically throughout the city [31].…”

Section: Natural Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a Sustainable City in a Tropical Area to Create a Balance between Vegetation and Water Bodies

Mirrahimi¹,

Ibrahim²,

Surat³

2015

IJET

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Abstract-This paper aims to investigate the effects of using natural resources that incorporates the basis of a sustainable city design in efforts to improve the urban thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate. Currently, one of the most crucial world environmental issues is urbanization in a hot and humid climate. In tropical areas, if the urban landscape is poorly designed, it will cause outdoor thermal discomfort. Natural plants and water bodies in the hot and humid landscape has a direct influence over the temperature of urban cities. Water bodies, for example, are able to lower the atmospheric temperature; whereas plants also can affect the surroundings passively. The effects of wet surfaces are increased if there is a presence of a shadow. Therefore, vegetation and water bodies are used in designing a sustainable city in order to increase the quality of outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate. This is hoped to provide a better and more comfortable human living environment.

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Thermal comfort implications of urbanization in a warm-humid city: the Colombo Metropolitan Region (CMR), Sri Lanka

Cited by 179 publications

References 18 publications

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka

Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Respect to Building Height in a High-Density City in the Tropics

Developing a Sustainable City in a Tropical Area to Create a Balance between Vegetation and Water Bodies

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