Thermal characteristics of ammonium nitrate, carbon, and copper(II) oxide mixtures

Kajiyama, Kazuomi; Izato, Yu Ichiro; Miyake, Akira

doi:10.1007/s10973-013-3201-5

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…(6)- (7)]. However, since the activation energy for the homolysis of HNO 3 is very high at approximately 190 kJ mol -1 , it is the rate-controlling step [15].…”

Section: Thermal Decomposition Mechanism For Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sinditskii et al studied the decomposition and combustion of condensed phase AN at the burning surface and showed that heat release from the condensed phase affected the combustion characteristics. They subsequently proposed various condensed phase combustion models [6,7]. The present authors have studied the thermal decomposition and combustion mechanisms for AN/carbon mixtures [8][9][10][11] and ammonium dinitramide [12,13] and determined that sustainable combustion is associated with exothermic decomposition of the condensed phase [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal decomposition of molten ammonium nitrate (AN)

Izato

Miyake

2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Raman spectra of ammonium nitrate (AN) above its melting point of 443 K and decomposition temperature of 533 K were acquired, and the thermal properties of AN were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) so as to obtain a better understanding of the condensed phase decomposition. The Raman spectra of molten AN at both 443 and 533 K exhibited a strong peak at 1043 cm -1 , assigned to the m 1 vibrational stretching mode of the NO 3 -group, and a 710 cm -1 peak attributed to the d 4 bending mode of the NO 3 -group, whereas no peak was observed at approximately 940 cm -1 due to the O 0 -NO 2 stretching mode of HNO 3 . Chemical equilibrium calculations based on the reaction NO 3 -? NH 4 ? HNO 3 ? NH 3 demonstrated that the concentration of HNO 3 gradually increases with temperature, although the HNO 3 to NO 3 -ratio was still only approximately 0.0034, even at 533 K. Thus, molten AN was found to contain primarily NO 3 -and only a minor amount of liquid HNO 3 over the temperature range analyzed. The heat flow associated with condensed phase decomposition was simulated based on the assumption that the decomposition rate of AN is given by ÀdC AN =dt ¼ 10 9:4 exp À125520=RT ð Þ C NH þ 4 C HNO 3 and that C NH þ 4 and C HNO 3 are constant due to chemical equilibrium. The heat flow curves thus calculated were in good agreement with the experimental DSC data acquired at 5.1 MPa.

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“…(6)- (7)]. However, since the activation energy for the homolysis of HNO 3 is very high at approximately 190 kJ mol -1 , it is the rate-controlling step [15].…”

Section: Thermal Decomposition Mechanism For Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of molten ammonium nitrate (AN)

Izato

Miyake

2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…NH 3 and HNO 3 were generated from the dissociation of AN according to Eq. (1) and were subsequently vaporized, and N 2 O, H 2 O, and N 2 have been reported to be the main decomposition gases from AN [1,11]. These results are the same as that for pure AN; however, the AN/ KCl mixture also evolved HCl gas (m/z = 36, 38, and 35 [30]).…”

Section: Pdsc-msmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…It was reported that the evolved gases from AN in this temperature range are N 2 O and H 2 O according to Eqs. (1) through (3) [2], and the relative intensity of H 2 O (m/ z = 18) is approximately 80 % [11]. Therefore, KCl promotes the decomposition of AN to N 2 not accompanied by H 2 O.…”

Section: Pdsc-msmentioning

confidence: 94%

Thermal decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride mixtures

Izato

Miyake

2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate (AN) and potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures was investigated. The thermal properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the evolved gas was analyzed using thermogravimetry with mass spectrometry and pressurized DSC coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-DTA-MS and PDSC-MS). DSC measurements of AN/KCl mixtures in sealed and sealedseparated sample pans showed a sharp exothermic decomposition and lower onset temperature than pure AN, whereas AN/KCl in an open pan exhibited an endothermic reaction. In the sealed-separated pan, a separator with a pinhole divided the KCl and AN physically and the evolved gas could interact with both AN and KCl. TG-DTA-MS results revealed that HCl gas was evolved from AN/KCl, which indicated that the reaction of KCl with HNO 3 dissociated from AN formed HCl, and subsequent destabilization of AN. However, the TG-DTA-MS results did not indicate the violent exothermic reaction due to using an open pan and ordinary pressure conditions. PDSC-MS was used to observe two exothermic reactions of AN/KCl and analyze the evolved gases from the reactions. A violent first exothermic reaction was accompanied by a large amount of N 2 and N 2 O gases without H 2 O, and a second exothermic reaction accompanied by H 2 O, N 2 O, and other gases occurred subsequently. The reactions are HCl þ HNO 3 ! NO 2 Cl þ H 2 O ! Cl þ NO 2 þ H 2 O, which have a lower energy barrier by 103 kJ mol -1 than the energy barrier that is needed for HNO 3 homolysis cleavage, which is triggered by pure AN decomposition, HNO 3 ! OH þ NO 2 . We therefore concluded that AN reacts with KCl to produce Cl radicals via HCl and NO 2 Cl, and the Cl radical triggers a radical chain reaction of AN.

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“…Ammonium nitrate(V) (AN, NH 4 NO 3 ) is a well-known oxidizer used in pyrotechnic and propellant formulations [3][4][5]. Pure AN is not an explosive compound but the addition of a small amount of a suitable organic or inorganic compound makes the mixture capable of explosion [6].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Catalytic Effect of Mn2O3 Nanoparticles on the Ignition Reaction of Pyrotechnic of Ammonium Nitrate(V)/Thiourea

Pouretedal

Ravanbod

2017

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Abstract:The non-isothermal TG/DSC technique has been used to study the kinetic triplet and heat of ignition reaction of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN)/thiourea (TU) pyrotechnic in the presence of Mn2O3 catalyst nanoparticles under an argon atmosphere at different heating rates (5 K·min ). The activation energies for the ignition reaction of AN/TU were calculated using the non-isothermal isoconversional Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Friedman equations for different conversion fraction (α) values in the range 0.1-0.9. The pre-exponential factor and kinetic model were determined by means of the compensation effect and the selected model was confirmed by a nonlinear fitting method. The average activation energies in the absence and presence of 5 wt.% Mn2O3 nanoparticles were 110.1 kJ·mol ). The evolved heat (ΔH) of ignition reaction in the presence of Mn2O3 was about 4 times that in the absence of the nano-sized Mn2O3.

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Thermal characteristics of ammonium nitrate, carbon, and copper(II) oxide mixtures

Cited by 49 publications

References 16 publications

Thermal decomposition of molten ammonium nitrate (AN)

Thermal decomposition of molten ammonium nitrate (AN)

Thermal decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride mixtures

The Catalytic Effect of Mn2O3 Nanoparticles on the Ignition Reaction of Pyrotechnic of Ammonium Nitrate(V)/Thiourea

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