Thermal behaviour of walnut shells by thermogravimetry with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

Fan, Fang Yu; Li, Han; Xu, Yuqiao; Liu, Yun; Wang, Dechao; Kan, Huan

doi:10.1098/rsos.180331

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Similar results were reported before, where decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin ranged from 225 to 325 • C, 337 to 407 • C, and 417 to 607 • C, respectively, for WS (Burhenne et al, 2013). Recently, it was described that pyrolysis of WS led to an ∼90% weight loss in a temperature range of 200-467 • C, which corresponds to rapid thermal decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and part of lignin, confirming that lignin is pyrolyzed at temperatures above 400 • C (Fan et al, 2018). Therefore, we can assume that metal adsorption onto WS showed no major changes in the thermal decomposition of WS.…”

Section: Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Tg-dmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biosorption of Rare-Earth Elements From Aqueous Solutions Using Walnut Shell

et al. 2020

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Agricultural wastes are considered as green adsorbents that can work as an alternative to recover critical and scarce metals from secondary sources. Critical elements as rare-earth elements (REEs) can be obtained from electronic wastes or tailings and could be recovered using these green alternatives. In this study, walnut shell (WS) was tested to determine whether several REEs can be efficiently retained by this green adsorbent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) were used to characterize WS before and after REE adsorption. Analytical performance of REE quantification was evaluated, besides adsorption capacity and isotherms that were calculated in order to determine the model that fit well to REE adsorption. ICP-OES results indicated the lowest limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) with Eu (0.08 and 0.23 ppb, respectively); nevertheless, quantification of other elements was also at the ppb level. In order to obtain the highest adsorption of metals, 75-and 2,000-µm particle sizes were studied, reaching >80% of adsorption with both sizes. Additionally, several pH values were tested in order to determine the optimum condition for maximal adsorption and adsorption capacity, noticing that pH 4 showed the best adsorption percentage (>85%, qe = 6.5-8 mg/g). The Langmuir isotherm model fitted well for the Eu, La, Sm, and Gd adsorption equilibrium. Characterization of WS was done using FTIR, TG-DSC, and SEM. FTIR analysis showed several changes in the spectra after adsorption of REE tested, but major changes were observed at the OH group, which shifted up to 31 cm −1 of wavelength. Additionally, TG-DSC showed that WS pyrolysis was divided in three stages: vaporization of moisture (about 10% of weight loss); thermal decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin (higher than 60% of weight loss); and high-temperature calcination of residues (<25%). Finally, SEM characterization showed empty and filled pores of different sizes in WS after metal adsorption, and a more rugged aspect was observed. This study reveals that WS is an efficient low-cost adsorbent for REEs and can be used for future recovery of these elements from secondary sources.

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Section: Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Tg-dmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biosorption of Rare-Earth Elements From Aqueous Solutions Using Walnut Shell

et al. 2020

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“…The pyrolysis fingerprint of the WCOSs was obviously different from that of the previously studied walnut shells, and the products were simpler. 20 The reason may be that the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in WCOSs and walnut shells have different effects on each other during the pyrolysis process. 31…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the biomass pyrolysis, the DAEM assumed that the reaction is an independent parallel first-order reaction, and each reaction has its own activation energy, which is continuously distributed. 20,29,30 The DAEM was represented as follows in eq 1where V is the volatile content at temperature T (g), V * is the effective volatile content of the sample (g), k 0 is the pre-exponential factor (m/s), β is the heating rate (K/min), T is the absolute temperature (K), E is the activation energy (kJ/mol), and R represent the universal gas content (8.314 J/(mol·K)), and f ( E ) is the distribution curve of the activation energy representing the difference in the activation energies (units), calculated as shown in eq 2A simple integral model for estimating the kinetic parameters based on the DAEM was presented by Miura and is expressed as shown in eq 3where the Arrhenius plot of is a straight line whose slope and intercept are calculated as E and k 0 , respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the results of TG–GC/MS are more accurate than those of TG–FTIR and TG–MS for the reaction of the pyrolysis products at a certain time. Fan et al 20 researched the pyrolysis products from walnut shells at different temperatures and analyzed the components of the pyrolyzed samples at different conditions. With the increasing pyrolysis temperature, furan, furfural, benzene, and long-chain alkanes were successively identified in different GC–MS experimental results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Characteristics and Kinetics of Waste Camellia oleifera Shells by TG–GC/MS

Yang

Fan

2019

ACS Omega

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There is a large amount of Camellia oleifera shells generated as a waste product from industrial processes. Therefore, the high-value utilization of C. oleifera shells is a hotspot of current research. The thermal characteristics and kinetics of waste Camellia shells (WCOSs) were analyzed by thermogravimetry with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TG–GC/MS). The thermal behavior of WCOSs was studied at 10, 20, 40, and 60 °C/min, and the distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was used to research the kinetics and activation energies. The activation energies of WCOSs based on the DAEM ranged from 68.64 to 244.49 kJ/mol, corresponding to the conversion rate from 0.10 to 0.90. The correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) shows the best fit, and it ranged from 0.921 to 0.994. Pyrolysis products at four key temperature points (228, 296, 492, and 698 °C) were studied via GC/MS. Many compounds were detected at the different temperatures. With the increase of temperature, furans, benzene, and long-chain alkanes were produced successively. This data will help to expand the utilization of WCOSs.

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“…After further carbonization, the hydroxyl group was found to be undetectable in the chemically activated carbons spectra, implying that hydroxyl-containing compounds (e.g. CH 3 OH and CH 3 COOH) were released as volatile matter (most likely via the fragmentation reaction of hemicellulose [19,20] and cracking of the alkyl-hydroxyl chain present in lignin [21]).…”

Section: Analyses Of Chemically Activated Carbon Samples From Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

Opoku¹,

Asiamah²,

Micheal³

et al. 2021

AJAC

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Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.

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Thermal behaviour of walnut shells by thermogravimetry with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 41 publications

Biosorption of Rare-Earth Elements From Aqueous Solutions Using Walnut Shell

Biosorption of Rare-Earth Elements From Aqueous Solutions Using Walnut Shell

Thermal Characteristics and Kinetics of Waste Camellia oleifera Shells by TG–GC/MS

Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

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