Thermal behaviour of ammonium polyphosphate-inorganic compound mixtures. Part 2. Manganese dioxide

Levchik, G. F.; Levchik, Sergei V.; Sachok, P.D; Селевич, А. Ф.; Lyakhov, Alexander S.; Лесникович, А. И.

doi:10.1016/0040-6031(94)02210-f

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Figure 9 shows SEM photographs of a rice husk that has not undergone the milling process and a rice husk that has undergone 30 hours of milling for the manufacture of the composites. The size of a rice husk is approximately 30 m, and the size of a husk milled for 30 hours is 1-10 m. The morphology of the nanosilica has been reported previously [14] and had an average size of approximately 75 nm. We varied the silica mass from 250 mg to 1,250 mg; the mass fraction was varied between 0.015 g/g and 0.07 g/g.…”

Section: The Effect Of Adding Silica To the Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…These results indicate that a coating with fire-retardant material could actually delay the temperature increase in the composite; therefore, it could delay the occurrence of large fires. This delay in the temperature increase was due to the phosphorus pentoxide, which protected the sample from interactions with oxygen, thereby slowing the combustion process [14,16].…”

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H 3 PO 4 was lifted by the gas that was formed in the heating process; therefore, it underwent carbonization (the process of converting organic material into charcoal at low temperature; it was colored black and contained volatile matter) by forming a layer of charcoal that was accompanied by the release of water vapor. P 2 O 5 , an anhydrous form of H 3 PO 4 , formed a layer of charcoal (volatile) as a thermal protector and inhibited the oxidation process; therefore, the heat transfer and the introduction of oxygen into the combustion process were blocked [14,[16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The burning process was slowed by inhibiting the interaction and breaking the chain reaction using a phosphorus-based, solid-carbon type fire-retardant [17]. The condensation phase of the decomposition reaction yielded phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ), which became a barrier to the evaporation process of the polymer hydrocarbon composite [14,18]. H 3 PO 4 was lifted by the gas that was formed in the heating process; therefore, it underwent carbonization (the process of converting organic material into charcoal at low temperature; it was colored black and contained volatile matter) by forming a layer of charcoal that was accompanied by the release of water vapor.…”

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fire-Retardant Composite Made from Domestic Waste and PVA

Surtiyeni

Rahmadani

Kurniasih

et al. 2016

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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We report the synthesis of a composite from domestic waste with the strength of wood building materials. We used original domestic waste with only a simple pretreatment to reduce the processing cost. The wastes were composed of organic components (generally originating from foods), paper, plastics, and clothes; the average fraction of each type of waste mirrored the corresponding fractions of wastes in the city of Bandung, Indonesia. An initial survey of ten landfills scattered through Bandung was conducted to determine the average fraction of each component in the waste. The composite was made using a hot press. A large number of synthesis parameters were tested to determine the optimum ones. The measured mechanical strength of the produced composite approached the mechanical properties of wood building materials. A fire-retardant powder was added to retard fire so that the composite could be useful for the construction of residential homes of lower-income people who often have problems with fire. Fire tests showed that the composites were more resistant to fire than widely used wood building materials.

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Section: The Effect Of Adding Silica To the Compressive Strengthmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Effect Of the Addition Of Fire-retardant Materialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Fire-Retardant Composite Made from Domestic Waste and PVA

Surtiyeni

Rahmadani

Kurniasih

et al. 2016

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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“…The intumescent thermally insulating layer is formed by a reaction between the polymer and phosphoric acid, which leads to carbonisation. 53 The released gaseous ammonia helps the formation of the intumescent layer by swelling the melted polymer. 49 When heated, sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, NaH 2 …”

Section: Hydroxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone calorimeter study of inorganic salts as flame retardants in polyurethane adhesive with limestone filler

Lindholm¹,

Brink²,

Wilén³

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A cone calorimeter was used to test inorganic water-releasing and low-melting compounds as flame retardants in polyurethane adhesive samples. Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate, potassium carbonate mixed with silica gel, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, zinc and magnesium chloride mixed with potassium chloride, aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), sodium and potassium phosphates were tested. These additives were used to partially (10-20%) replace the limestone used as a filler in the adhesive. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study decomposition and melting of the inorganic compounds. The results showed that sodium metasilicate monohydrate formed a protective layer of sodium silicate on the sample surface, significantly delaying the time to ignition. Addition of APP resulted in the lowest overall heat release rate curve.

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