Thermal Behavior and Thermolysis Mechanisms of Ammonium Perchlorate under the Effects of Graphene Oxide-Doped Complexes of Triaminoguanidine

Abstract

Several transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine (TAG) nitrate, TAG-Ni, TAG-Co, graphene oxide (GO)/TAG-Ni (GT-Ni), GO/TAG-Co (GT-Co), and GO/ TAG-Cu (GT-Cu) were prepared using GO as a stabilizer. It has been shown that these complexes are promising energetic catalysts for decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP), which was uniformly coated with the mentioned catalysts. The decomposition kinetic parameters and mechanisms of the complexes have been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric techniques. Results show that the presence of GO in such hybrid catalysts is able to stabilize AP before its decomposition, but the strong catalytic effects occur on HClO4 as the intermediate of the initial decomposition of AP. In the cases of TAG-Co, GT-Co, and GT-Cu, they would make the two-step decomposition of AP into a single step. The heat releases have been greatly increased as well because of a more complete decomposition. More importantly, the thermolysis mechanism of AP could be changed by simply modifying the type of metal ions. Under the effect of these catalysts, the decomposition more or less shifts to two-dimensional growth of the nuclei model, which indicates that the metal ions played key roles as active centers. The decomposition usually starts from the surface of AP, where the contact of the catalysts further enhanced the surface reactions. The inclusion of GO on the surface of the AP crystal may hinder the evaporation of NH3, and therefore the mechanism has been changed to the phase boundary-controlled reaction.

Gaseous Products Evolution Analyses for Catalytic Decomposition of AP by Graphene-Based Additives

“…In addition G-T-Co, TAG-Co, and G-T-Cu 2 have stronger catalytic effects than nickel-based compounds, as they could make two-step gas releasing into one step. This conclusion is consistent with the thermal results from our previous research [17], which claimed that all TAG-M based composites could catalyze the first decomposition process of AP, and Co-based and Cu-based materials have stronger catalytic effects.…”

“…Regarding G-T-Co/AP, the decomposition peak is smoother and the peak temperature increases by 10–20 °C with the addition of GO. It has been reported that G-T-Co can slightly increase the thermal stability of AP [17]. The results indicate that TAG-M complexes in the presence of GO can enhance thermal stability for AP, resulting in slower reaction rates at a higher temperature range.…”

“…These materials could not only catalyze the decomposition of RDX, but also improve the thermal stability of RDX due to their enhanced thermal conductivity. The decomposition behavior of GO complexes modified AP have been briefly studied based on conventional thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry (DSC/TG) analysis [17]. The results showed that the hybrid catalysts can enhance the initial decomposition temperature and change the thermolysis mechanism by introducing different types of metal ions.…”

New Insights into the Catalytic Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate and Decomposition Mechanism by Nano‐CuO Dispersed in Graphite‐Carbon Nitride Nanosheet Composites

“…The multi‐electron carriers had fast electrons transfer rate and could promote the generation of O 2 − [24,28–29] . As a result, the catalytic performance of n‐CuO has been greatly improved by adding the multi‐electron carrier [1,30–32] …”

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Potential Solid Propellant Combustion Catalysts Fe(II), Zn(II), Hydroxylammonium, and Hydrazinium Pentazolates

“…Recently, the coordination of metal ions to energetic organic molecules has attracted much attention. transition metal (Cu, Co, and Ni) complexes of triaminoguanidine were shown to increase the thermal stability of ammonium perchlorate and efficiently promote its decomposition [22][23][24]. Previously, Co/Cu/Ni/Fe salts of 3nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) were developed from NTO, which improved the burning rate by about 80 % and decreased the pressure index to 0.18 (2-9 MPa) [25].…”